Morphological description and population structure of an ophiuroid species from cobalt-rich crust seamounts in the Northwest Pacific: Implications for marine protection under deep-sea mining
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Abstract: Many seamounts are covered with cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts, and are increasingly attracting interest for the potential extraction of valuable mineral resources from deep seabed environments. However, the impacts of potential mining activities on the vulnerable seamount ecosystem remain unclear. To enhance the understanding of connectivity in benthic invertebrate populations in the Northwest Pacific, several seamounts were surveyed and biological samples collected. In the present study, the ophiuroid species Ophioplinthaca defensor is reported for the first time from four deep seamounts in the Northwest Pacific, and described, providing more detailed morphological diagnosis characters. To assess the population structure of the species between and within seamounts, two mitochondrial markers (COI and 16S) were sequenced. In total, 20 haplotypes from 32 COI sequences and 8 haplotypes from 37 16S sequences were recovered. The star-shaped TCS networks and non-significant pairwise population differences reveal the absence of distinct population structures between and within seamounts. In addition, the O. defensor population seemed to have undergone a demographic expansion in history. This is the first study on the genetic population structure of a benthic invertebrate from seamounts in the Northwest Pacific, and this results suggest a potentially high, long distance dispersal capacity in O. defensor between seamounts, which could inform the development of the Regional Environmental Management Plans for the cobalt-rich crust seamounts in the area.
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Key words:
- Ophiuroidea /
- connectivity /
- deep-sea /
- cobalt-rich crust seamount /
- Northwest Pacific
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Figure 1. Map of the study seamounts in the Northwest Pacific (a) and sampling sites in the Weijia Guyot (b).
Figure 2. Morphological characters of Ophioplinthaca defensor (RSIO410602). a. Dorsal view; b. ventral view of disc; c. the interradial characters of ventral side; d. dorsal view of arms, proximal part; e. ventral view of arm, proximal part; f. dorsal view of arms, distal part. AD: adoral shield; AS: arm spines; DAP: dorsal arm plate; DS: disc spines; GS: genital slits; J: jaw; OP: oral papillae; OS: oral shield; RS: radial shield; VAP: ventral arm plate. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Figure 3. Scanning electron microscope photographs of arm skeletal characters and disc spines of Ophioplinthaca defensor. a–f. Arm skeletal characters from adult paratype (RSIO410602): proximal view of vertebrae; distal view of vertebrae; lateral view of vertebrae; ventral view of vertebrae; dorsal view of vertebrae; external view of lateral arm plate. g–i. Different types of disc spines, large cylindrical granules from adult paratype RSIO410602; conical or round granules from adult paratype RSIO410617; disc spines cylindrical with flaring thorny apex from juvenile paratype RSIO410502. mo: muscle opening; no: nerve opening. Arrows: d. dorsal side; v. ventral side; dist. distal side; prox. proximal side. Scale bars: 200 μm.
Figure 4. Variation in morphological characters of Ophioplinthaca defensor. a–c. Adult (RSIO410617) from the Weiija Guyot: dorsal view of disc; disc granules; ventral view of disc. d–f. Adult (RSIO358101) from the Caiwei Guyot: dorsal view of disc; disc granules; ventral view of disc. g–i. Juvenile (RSIO410502) from the Weijia Guyot: dorsal view of disc; disc granules; ventral view of disc. Scale bars: 2 mm (a, c, d, f), 500 μm (b, e, g–i).
Figure 5. COI (a) and 16S (b) TCS haplotype networks. Each circle represents a haplotype and its diameter is proportional to the frequency of the haplotype. Median vectors (black circles, which represent missing intermediates haplotypes) are added to the network.
Figure 6. Pairwise mismatch distribution for all COI (a) and 16S (b) sequences of Ophioplinthaca defensor from the Weijia Guyot.
Figure 7. Different sponge species with Ophioplinthaca defensor individuals attached in the Weijia Guyot. a. Farreidae sp. 1; b. Farreidae/Euretidae sp.; c. Corbitellinae sp.; d. Farreidae sp. 2. Red arrows indicate Ophioplinthaca defensor.
Table 1. Ophioplinthaca defensor sampling data in the Northwest Pacific
Cruise Site Seamount Date Latitude Longitude Depth/m Individuals DY35 CW-DV81 Caiwei 2014.7.24 15.683 0°N 154.923 0°E 1 660 1 DY41B WJ-ROV01 Weijia 2017.9.28 12.694 8°N 156.538 1°E 1 670 8 DY41B WJ-ROV04 Weijia 2017.9.18 13.024 2°N 156.884 5°E 1 571 4 DY41B WJ-ROV05 Weijia 2017.9.19 12.884 5°N 157.029 3°E 1 643 1 DY41B WJ-ROV06 Weijia 2017.9.21 12.789 5°N 156.687 7°E 1 935 19 DY56 BG-ROV04 Batiza 2019.9.11 20.015 7°N 156.540 4°E 1 699 1 DY56 RC-ROV06 RC* 2019.9.17 15.529 0°N 161.753 5°E 1 482 3 DY56 RC-ROV07 RC* 2019.9.19 15.495 5°N 161.794 0°E 1 660 1 Note: * represents this seamount is an unnamed seamount; RC was used as a temporary code. 
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Table 2. Ophioplinthaca defensor genetic diversity based on COI and 16S
Site COI 16S N Hap Hd π N Hap Hd π WJ-ROV01 8 7 0.964 3 0.006 7 8 2 0.250 0 0.000 5 WJ-ROV04 4 3 0.833 3 0.003 9 4 2 0.500 0 0.001 0 WJ-ROV05 1 1 – – 1 1 – – WJ-ROV06 13 8 0.807 7 0.004 6 19 7 0.666 7 0.002 3 BG-ROV04 1 1 – – 1 1 – – RC-ROV06 3 2 0.666 7 0.003 7 3 1 – – RC-ROV07 1 1 – – 1 1 – – Weijia Guyot 26 18 0.910 8 0.005 6 32 8 0.562 5 0.001 7 Batiza Guyot 1 1 – – 1 1 – – RC seamount 4 3 0.833 3 0.003 1 4 2 0.500 0 0.001 0 Note: N, sample size; Hap, number of haplotypes; Hd, haplotype diversity; π, nucleotide diversity; – represents no data.
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Table 3. Pairwise population differences of Ophioplinthaca defensor among sampling sites with more than three individuals collected and between the Weijia Guyot and the RC seamount based on COI and 16S
Gene Population WJ-ROV01 WJ-ROV04 WJ-ROV06 RC-ROV06 WJ-all RC-all COI WJ-ROV01 − 0.064 5 0.083 4 0.117 0 − − WJ-ROV04 0.056 0 − 0 0.129 0 − − WJ-ROV06 0.060 9 0.000 2 − 0.088 0 − − RC-ROV06 0.096 3 0.140 7 0.124 8 − − − WJ-all − − − − − 0.050 9 RC-all − − − − 0.049 3 − 16S WJ-ROV01 − 0 0 0 − − WJ-ROV04 0 − 0 0 − − WJ-ROV06 0.023 6 0.012 3 − 0.020 2 − − RC-ROV06 0.023 1 0.003 0 0.080 0 − − − WJ-all − − − − − 0 RC-all − − − − 0.027 9 − Note: Above the diagonal are the Fst values, below the diagonal are the Gst values. WJ-all indicates the integrated population of the Weijia Guyot including all sequences (26 for COI, 32 for 16S) from the four sampling sites; RC-all indicates the integrated population of the RC seamount including all sequences (4 for both COI and 16S) from the two sampling sites; − represents no data.
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Table 4. Demographic test results for Ophioplinthaca defensor populations from the Weijia Guyot and the RC seamount based on COI and 16S
Site COI 16S D Fu’s Fs r D Fu’s Fs r WJ-ROV01 −2.009 40* −1.182 1 0.075 3 −1.951 7* −3.196 3 0.312 5 WJ-ROV04 −0.796 84 0.811 4 0.305 6 −0.612 4 0.171 9 0.250 0 WJ-ROV06 −0.663 17 −2.104 3 0.094 8 −1.054 8 −0.182 0 0.147 4 WJ-all −2.082 10* −12.592 0 0.020 2 −1.908 0* −4.601 0 1.294 2 RC-all 0.167 70 −0.133 0 0.194 4 −0.612 4 0.172 0 0.250 0 Note: D, Tajima’s D statistic neutrality tests; Fu’s Fs, Fu’s Fs statistic; *, significant values (p<0.05); r, the Harpending raggedness index.
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