Petrogenesis and tectonic implication of lavas from the Yap Trench, western Pacific
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Abstract: We present major and trace element data of lava recovered from the northern Yap Trench in the western Pacific and discuss their petrogenesis and tectonic implications within the framework of interactions between the Caroline Ridge and Yap Trench. Rocks were collected from both landward and seaward trench slopes and exhibited geochemical characteristics similar to backarc basin basalt (BABB) and mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), including high Fe content, tholeiitic affinity, high TiO2 value at a given FeOT/MgO ratio, Ti/V ratio between 20 and 50, low Ba/Nb ratio and Th/Nb ratio, and trace element patterns commonly displayed by BABB and MORB, which are distinct from arc lava. These rocks seem to have been generated during mantle upwelling and decompression melting at a spreading center. However, compared with typical forearc lava produced by seafloor spreading in the Mariana forearc region, such as the early Eocene forearc basalts and late Neogene forearc lava in the southernmost Mariana Trench, the Yap Trench lava is derived from a more fertile mantle and feature a more minor subduction component; thus, they cannot be the products of forearc mantle decompression melting. We suggest that the landward slope lava represents backarc basin crust that was overthrust onto the forearc lithosphere during the collision of the Caroline Ridge with the Yap Trench (20–25 Ma), which played a key role in the evolution of the Yap subduction system. Moreover, the seaward slope lava represents the subduction plate crust that accreted onto the deep trench during the collision. This collision event resulted in the cessation of Yap Arc magmatism; thus, the Yap Trench volcanic rocks (<25 Ma) previously suggested to be arc magma products may actually represent the nascent island arc lava with a lower subduction component than in the mature Mariana Arc lava.
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Key words:
- subduction zone /
- Yap Trench /
- forearc magmatism /
- subduction component /
- ridge subduction
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Figure 1. Elevation and tectonic features of the study area (a) and detailed bathymetry around the sampling stations (b). Dive 109 in b includes 3 stations, which overlapped in map due to close distance. Refer to Table 1 for detailed longitude and latitude information.
A1. Image of the bottom scene at the sampling site of the Chinese manned submersible Jiaolong on Dive 112 during the DY125-37 cruise.
Figure 2. Images of the Yap Trench lava. a and b. Hand specimens of Dive 112-S03-1 and Dive 113-S02-1 samples; and c and d. microimages of Dive 109-S02-1 and Dive 112-S03-1 samples in cross-polarized light.
Figure 3. SiO2 vs. Na2O + K2O diagram of the studied Yap Trench lava samples (after Le Bas et al., 1986). Lavas from the southeast Mariana forearc rift (SEMFR) (Ribeiro et al., 2013b) and typical forearc basalts (FAB) (Reagan et al., 2010) are shown for comparison.
Figure 4. MgO vs. Na2O (a), MgO vs. CaO (b), SiO2 vs. FeOT/MgO (c), and FeOT/MgO vs. TiO2 (d) diagrams of the studied lava. The solid line and dashed lines in c distinguish the tholeiite and calc-alkaline suites (Miyashiro, 1974) and high-, medium-, and low-Fe suites (Arculus, 2003), respectively. Mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) samples dredged from the Caroline Plate are shown for comparison (Fornari et al., 1979; Zhang et al., 2020). The fields indicate lavas from the Mariana Arc (MA) (Stern et al., 2006; Tamura et al., 2014; Ikeda et al., 2016), Mariana Trough (MT) (Sinton and Fryer, 1987; Hawkins et al., 1990; Stern et al., 1990; Gribble et al., 1996, 1998; Ikeda et al., 2016), southeast Mariana forearc rift (SEMFR) (Ribeiro et al., 2013b), and typical forearc basalts (FAB) (Reagan et al., 2010). Other data sources are shown in the legend.
Figure 5. Ti vs. V diagram of the studied Yap Trench lava. Lines of constant Ti/V distinguish arc lava (Ti/V < 20), backarc basin basalt (BABB), and mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) (20 ≤ Ti/V < 50), and ocean island basalt (OIB) (50 ≤ Ti/V < 100) (Shervais, 1982). Data sources are the same as in Fig. 3.
Figure 6. Primitive mantle (PM)-normalized rare earth element (REE) concentrations of the studied lava. Lava data from the Mariana Arc (Turner and Langmuir, 2015; Ikeda et al., 2016) and Mariana Trough (Gale et al., 2013; Ikeda et al., 2016) are shown. Field of the whole-rock data of the southeast southeast SEMFR lava (SE SEMFR lave WR) is obtained from Ribeiro et al. (2013b). Field of the N-MORB-type back-arc basin basalts in the Parece Vela Basin is obtained from Hickey-Vargas (1998). Field of the MORB-type basalts from the Caroline Plate is obtained from Zhang et al. (2020). Data for PM, N-MORB, and E-MORB are obtained from Sun and McDonough (1989). Other data sources are shown in the legend. SEMFR: southeast Mariana forearc rift, MORB: mid-ocean ridge basalt.
Figure 7. N-MORB-normalized trace element diagram of the studied Yap Trench lavas. Fields of the Mariana Arc (Turner and Langmuir, 2015; Ikeda et al., 2016) and Mariana Trough (Gale et al., 2013; Ikeda et al., 2016) are shown for comparison. Field of the whole-rock data of the southeast SEMFR lava (SE SEMFR lava WR) is obtained from Ribeiro et al. (2013b). Field of the N-MORB-type basalts from the Caroline Plate is obtained from Zhang et al. (2020). Data of the N-MORB-type back-arc basin basalts in the Parece Vela Basin are obtained from Hickey-Vargas (1998). N-MORB data are obtained from Sun and McDonough (1989). SEMFR: southeast Mariana forearc rift, MORB: mid-ocean ridge basalt.
Figure 8. Th/Nb vs. Ba/Nb diagram of the studied lava. Fields show lavas from the Mariana Arc (MA) (Stern et al., 2006; Tamura et al., 2014; Ikeda et al., 2016), Mariana Trough (MT) (Hawkins et al., 1990; Stern et al., 1990; Gribble et al., 1998; Pearce et al., 2005; Ikeda et al., 2016), southeast Mariana forearc rift (SEMFR) (Ribeiro et al., 2013b), and typical forearc basalts (FAB) (Reagan et al., 2010). Other data sources are shown in the legend. MORB: mid-ocean ridge basalt.
Figure 9. Nb/Yb vs. Ba/Yb (a) and Nb/Yb vs. Th/Yb (b) diagrams of the studied lava. Fields show lavas from the Mariana Arc (MA) (Stern et al., 2006; Tamura et al., 2014; Ikeda et al., 2016), Mariana Trough (MT) (Hawkins et al., 1990; Stern et al., 1990; Gribble et al., 1998; Pearce et al., 2005; Ikeda et al., 2016), southeast Mariana forearc rift (SEMFR) (Ribeiro et al., 2013b), and typical forearc basalt (FAB) (Reagan et al., 2010). Other data sources are shown in the legend.
Figure 10. Schematic showing overthrust of the Parece Vela Basin (PVB) crust onto the Yap Arc and forearc area due to the collision of the Caroline Ridge with the trench. Gray blocks indicate back-arc crustal rocks presented in the deep trench due to the overthrust of the Parece Vela Basin crust and landslides of the landward trench slope, and pink blocks indicate the volcanic lava exposed on the seafloor through faulting in the horst and graben (red arrows) on the subduction plate. Blue arrow indicates the subduction direction.
Table 1. Whole-rock major element and trace element concentrations in lavas from the Yap Trench
Sample ID GBW07316 AGV-2 Dive
109-S02-1Dive
109-S03-1Dive
109-S05-1Dive
109-S05-2Dive
112-S03-1Dive
112-S08-1Dive
113-S02-1Dive station Dive 109-S02 Dive 109-S03 Dive 109-S05 Dive 112-S03 Dive 112-S08 Dive 113-S02 East longitude/(°) 138.402 700 138.402 000 138.401 900 138.496 000 138.479 000 138.655 000 North latitude/(°) 9.899 317 9.899 570 9.900 149 9.865 550 9.868 830 9.865 850 Major element SiO2/% 45.94 49.91 54.50 52.08 50.55 48.73 49.50 31.21 TiO2/% 1.62 2.08 1.77 1.71 1.83 1.93 0.95 0.37 Al2O3/% 11.73 13.26 11.82 13.75 13.29 12.97 17.75 7.89 TFe2O3/% 12.21 12.86 11.39 11.51 12.30 14.18 9.24 3.70 MnO/% 0.19 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.20 0.32 0.12 0.41 MgO/% 14.12 6.25 6.73 4.76 5.92 6.77 4.59 2.07 CaO/% 10.86 10.43 9.10 11.41 8.05 8.37 12.43 22.35 Na2O/% 1.52 3.16 2.54 2.01 4.06 2.75 3.12 3.91 K2O/% 0.14 0.34 0.39 0.20 0.81 0.29 0.24 1.54 P2O5/% 0.01 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.09 0.14 0.13 0.32 LOI/% 1.17 0.63 0.90 1.29 2.98 1.98 1.11 25.80 Sum/% 99.51 99.32 99.50 99.04 100.07 98.44 99.19 99.56 Trace element Li/10−6 3.1 4.6 4.7 4.1 22.3 29.7 10.9 10.6 Ti/10−6 9 891 12 648 10 691 10 373 11 059 11 142 5 744 6 225 V/10−6 327 392 340 354 464 452 236 118 Rb/10−6 0.481 3.348 4.886 2.355 11.737 15.96 6.701 67.470 Sr/10−6 97 387 358 492 143 112 168 659 Y/10−6 18.5 31.9 27.1 31.3 26.7 31.8 24.1 19.9 Zr/10−6 85.2 111.0 99.5 101.6 100.9 99.6 68.2 231.3 Nb/10−6 13.50 12.05 11.40 14.00 5.00 4.92 2.57 14.31 Cs/10−6 0.006 0.07 0.123 0.09 0.155 1.218 0.398 1.082 Ba/10−6 20.6 100.4 122.3 65.2 57.7 18.1 15.7 1 115.3 La/10−6 10.23 10.9 11.07 10.08 3.94 5.17 4.09 38.05 Ce/10−6 22.7 25.9 24.3 24.9 10.0 12.9 8.5 69.1 Pr/10−6 2.90 3.52 3.45 3.53 1.51 2.10 1.43 8.12 Nd/10−6 13.22 17.26 16.75 17.23 8.05 10.45 7.44 30.22 Sm/10−6 3.499 4.827 4.546 4.846 2.894 3.677 2.466 5.639 Eu/10−6 1.308 1.672 1.514 1.636 1.24 1.384 0.998 1.524 Gd/10−6 3.726 5.801 5.193 5.66 3.835 4.844 3.359 4.496 Tb/10−6 0.582 0.939 0.846 0.922 0.707 0.888 0.588 0.615 Dy/10−6 3.383 5.796 5.005 5.624 4.580 5.672 3.800 3.500 Ho/10−6 0.682 1.185 1.021 1.136 0.968 1.198 0.826 0.655 Er/10−6 1.862 3.358 2.829 3.211 2.903 3.528 2.480 1.840 Tm/10−6 0.265 0.454 0.397 0.472 0.410 0.515 0.362 0.259 Yb/10−6 1.743 3.015 2.556 2.945 2.812 3.404 2.408 1.653 Lu/10−6 0.247 0.436 0.359 0.42 0.394 0.491 0.347 0.254 Hf/10−6 2.295 2.936 2.646 2.618 2.744 2.757 1.687 5.243 Ta/10−6 1.108 1.155 1.161 1.891 0.481 0.455 0.252 0.853 Pb/10−6 10.30 8.24 3.63 4.57 0.77 0.94 0.77 13.13 Th/10−6 0.969 0.928 0.937 0.806 0.255 0.322 0.234 6.232 U/10−6 0.170 0.377 0.414 0.365 0.594 0.948 0.168 1.789 Note: LOI means loss on ignition. Measured major element contents for reference materials GBW07316 and trace element contents for reference materials AGV-2 are also presented. 
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