Measuring solar irradiance profiles in the Arctic sea ice using fiber optic spectrometry via inclined holes
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Abstract: An irradiance profile measurement approach and profiling system were developed to measure the solar irradiance profile of the Arctic sea ice using fiber optic spectrometry. The approach involved using a miniature spectrometer to sense light signals collected and transmitted from a fiber probe. The fiber probe was small, and could thus move freely in inclined bore holes drilled in sea ice with its optical entrance pointing upward. The input-output relationship of the system was analyzed and built. Influence factors that determined the system output were analyzed. A correctional system output approach was proposed to correct the influence of these factors, and to obtain the solar irradiance profile based on the measurements outputted by this system. The overall performance of the system was examined in two ice floes in the Arctic during the 9th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition. The measured solar irradiance profiles were in good agreement with those obtained using other commercially available oceanographic radiometers. The derived apparent optical properties of sea ice were comparable to those of similar sea ice measured by other optical instruments.
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Key words:
- solar irradiance /
- profile /
- sea ice /
- fiber optic spectrometry /
- inclined hole
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Figure 1. Schematic diagram of measurement site, including measurements of radiation above and within ice.
Figure 2. Schematic of the light signal transmission and conversion, from entering the optical probe to becoming the system output.
Figure 3. Schematic of the algorithm for correcting and calibrating the spectral measurement to obtain the solar irradiance profile in sea ice.
Figure 4. Overview sketch of the irradiance profile measurements, indicating the location of four demonstrative measurements #1–#4 (a), solar irradiance as a function of wavelength for locations #1–#4 ( b–e), and profiles of the solar irradiance for five selective wavelengths, extending from snow surface to the underlying ocean (f). This plot is derived from measurements collected at Site 1, which are very similar to those at Site 2.
Figure 5. Extinction coefficients of different media as a function of wavelength at Site 1 (a) and Site 2 (b).
Figure 6. Bulk attenuation coefficient of sea ice as a function of wavelength at the two measurement sites.
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