Forward modeling and inversion of the relation model between the gas content of plume and its seismic attribute
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Abstract: The methane bubble plume attracts interest because it offers direct evidence of seafloor gas leakage and plays an indirect role in the exploration and identification of natural gas hydrate. In this study, based on established plume models and their migration sections, three amplitude-class attributes were extracted from three formations for the migration sections of five plumes, and the correlation between the gas content and seismic attribute was obtained. As the gas content increases, the amplitude attribute correspondingly increases, and the linear correlation is relatively good. Moreover, correlation coefficients between gas content and amplitude attributes are close to 1.0. By using linear fitting, the relation model between the gas content of the plume and the seismic attribute was obtained. The relation model was subsequently used to invert the gas content from a real data-bearing plume. Comparison of the gas content section of the plume with the attribute section and real seismic section reveals common distribution characteristics, namely, the color of the section in the lower right corner is dark. If the amplitude value is large in the seismic section of the real plume, the amplitude attribute value is also large in the corresponding attribute section, and the inverted value of the gas content is also large (because gas content and amplitude are linearly correlated), which indicates that the plume bubbles of the section in the lower right corner is intensively distributed. Finally, the obtained gas content section of the plume can reflect the distribution of the plume bubble content more simply and intuitively, from which the distribution law of seafloor bubbles can be deduced, and this lays a foundation for the further estimation of the gas content of the plume and hydrate reserves.
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Key words:
- methane plume /
- natural gas hydrate /
- gas content /
- seismic attribute /
- linear fitting
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Figure 1. Bubble plume in cold seepage in the Okhotsk Sea (Luan et al., 2010).
Figure 2. Bubble plume (a) and seismic migration section (b) in the survey area in the South China Sea (You et al., 2015). BSR: bottom simulating reflector, CDP: common depth point, SEQNO: sequence number.
Figure 3. Model of the velocity of the plume (You et al., 2015).
Figure 4. The spectrum of seismic section in Fig. 2a. a. The spectrum of trace-gather; b. the spectrum of shot-gather.
Figure 5. Migration section of the plume model with a background gas content of 10%–15%–10% (You et al., 2015).
Figure 10. Plume section of a certain survey area in the South China Sea. CDP: common depth point.
Figure 11. Three sections of the amplitude attribute. a. RMS amplitude; b. average absolute amplitude; c. absolute amplitude integration.
Figure 12. Gas content sections inverted by the amplitude attributes. a. Gas content section inverted by the RMS amplitude attribute; b. gas content section inverted by the average absolute amplitude attribute; c. gas content section inverted by the absolute amplitude integration attribute. CDP: common depth point.
Table 1. Gas content of three formations of five models
Model Formation 1 Formation 2 Formation 3 m1 0.018 0.05 0.030 m2 0.060 0.10 0.076 m3 0.110 0.15 0.120 m4 0.160 0.20 0.176 m5 0.210 0.25 0.226 
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Table 2. Correlation coefficients between gas content and amplitude attributes of three formations
Amplitude attributes Formation 1 Formation 2 Formation 3 RMS amplitude 0.989 3 0.997 4 0.980 7 Average absolute amplitude 0.977 3 0.994 7 0.985 8 Absolute amplitude integration 0.977 3 0.994 7 0.985 8
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Table 3. Relation models between the gas content and amplitude attributes of three formations
Amplitude attribute Formation 1 Formation 2 Formation 3 RMS amplitude y11=0.0628x11+2.5×10–4 y21=0.0435x21+1.2×10–3 y31=0.0444x31+5.9×10–4 Average absolute amplitude y12=0.0252x12+6.7×10–4 y22=0.0191x22+1.6×10–3 y32=0.0228x32+8.0×10–4 Absolute amplitude integration y13=25.2x13+0.67 y23=19.1x23+1.6 y33=22.8x33+0.8
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Table 4. Correlation coefficients between gas content and amplitude attribute
Amplitude attributes RMS amplitude Average absolute amplitude Absolute amplitude integration Correlation coefficients 0.949 5 0.977 7 0.977 7
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