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Yuming Zeng, Hao Zhou, Zhen Tian, Biyang Wen. Mapping wind by the first-order Bragg scattering of broad-beam high-frequency radar[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica. doi: 10.1007/s13131-021-1752-z
 Citation: Yuming Zeng, Hao Zhou, Zhen Tian, Biyang Wen. Mapping wind by the first-order Bragg scattering of broad-beam high-frequency radar[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica.

## Mapping wind by the first-order Bragg scattering of broad-beam high-frequency radar

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 61371198 and 62001426.
###### Corresponding author:E-mail: zhou.h@whu.edu.cn
• Figure  1.  Radar division of distance and angle.

Figure  2.  Attenuation of first-order spectrum power (FSP) result from the wind spreading function (WSF) with different $s$.

Figure  3.  Normalized surface impedance for 13 MHz radar wave under different wind speed, ${0}^{\circ }$ represents radial wind and ${90}^{\circ }$ represents cross wind. The solid and broken lines represent the real and imaginary parts of the impedance, respectively.

Figure  4.  Added loss for a rough sea under different winds. a. Under radial wind; b. under cross wind; c. under 20 kn wind speed; and d. under 30 kn wind speed.

Figure  5.  Fitting of the parameters under different radial winds (a), and discrepancy loss between radial wind and cross wind under different wind speeds (b).

Figure  6.  Modulation process of a gate signal to a receiving signal (a), effect of the gate signal on the radar echo power (b), and basic transmission loss for a monostatic 13 MHz OSMAR radar (c). Each range cell is $2.5$ km. In a, AT is the transmit pulse, GR is the receive pulse, t0 is the delay corresponding to distance R, AR is the effective receive pulse for distance R, and Tp is the sweep period.

Figure  7.  Total transmission loss for a rough sea for the monostatic 13 MHz OSMSAR radar. a. Under radial wind; and b. under cross wind.

Figure  8.  Block diagram of the wind field estimation by HF radar.

Figure  9.  Map of the HF radar deployed on the Fujian coast of the Taiwan Strait. Radar station is marked by the star named XIAN, and the three buoys are marked by dots.

Figure  10.  Wind rose figure of Buoys A (a), C (b) and E (c).

Figure  11.  Number of DOA solutions in each measurement bin, where the total number of measurements is 6 202. a. For positive FSPs; and b. for negative FSPs.

Figure  12.  The maximum FSPs versus wind speeds for different range cells (a); and the maximum FSP loss (relative to the maximum FSP in range cell $2$) versus range cells under different wind speeds (b). Each range cell is $2.5$ km.

Figure  13.  Comparison of the theoretical and the radar extracted propagation attenuation relative to the range cell 2 with different radial wind.

Figure  14.  Parameter s versus wind speed for the maximum first-order peaks.

Figure  15.  Wind speed and the second-order integration versus time (a); scatter plot and linear fitting result (b).

Figure  16.  Wind speed and the maximum first-order peak versus time (a); and scatter plot and fitting result (b).

Figure  17.  Buoy wind speed versus the second-order integration (a); and buoy wind speed versus the radar wind speed from the second-order model (b).

Figure  18.  Comparison of the wind speed and the radar wind speed from the first-order model.

Figure  19.  Sample comparisons of the in-situ measured and estimated wind direction at Buoy A in March. Note the sample numbers do not represent a time series but are individual, independent estimates of half an hour time period with wind speed above $6.5$ m/s.

Figure  20.  Final wind field inversion results at 7:30, March 4, 2013.

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##### 出版历程
• 收稿日期:  2020-09-28
• 录用日期:  2020-10-31

## Mapping wind by the first-order Bragg scattering of broad-beam high-frequency radar

##### doi: 10.1007/s13131-021-1752-z
基金项目:  The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 61371198 and 62001426.

### English Abstract

Yuming Zeng, Hao Zhou, Zhen Tian, Biyang Wen. Mapping wind by the first-order Bragg scattering of broad-beam high-frequency radar[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica. doi: 10.1007/s13131-021-1752-z
 Citation: Yuming Zeng, Hao Zhou, Zhen Tian, Biyang Wen. Mapping wind by the first-order Bragg scattering of broad-beam high-frequency radar[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica.

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