Tracking historical storm records from high-barrier lagoon deposits on the southeastern coast of Hainan Island, China
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Abstract: The relationship between storm activity and global warming remains uncertain. To better understand storm–climate relationships, coastal lagoon deposits are increasingly being investigated because they could provide high-resolution storm records long enough to cover past climate changes. However, site-specific sediment dynamics and high barriers may bias storm reconstructions. Here, we aimed to investigate these factors through the reconstruction of five distinct storm records (XCL-01, XC-03, XC-06, XC-07, XC-08) from different water depths in a lagoon with a high barrier (i.e., Xincun Lagoon of Hainan Island). Sediment cores were characterized using high-resolution grain size and XRF measurements, to identify storm events. These data were coupled with a numerical simulation to obtain bed shear stress data with high-spatial resolution to better understand storm-induced sediment transport mechanisms. 210Pb dating and Pb pollution chronostratigraphic markers indicated that the chronology of the storm deposit sequences of the cores span the period between 117 a and 348 a. The grain size and XRF results indicated numerous, highly variable and short-duration fluctuations, suggesting that storm-induced coarse-grained sediments were deposited at these core sites. The inconsistent storm events recorded in these cores suggest that these sites have different preservation potentials for storm deposits. However, the consistence between storm sediment records and historical documents for Core XCL-01 indicates that high-barrier lagoons could provide long-term storm event records with high preservation potential.
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Key words:
- storm deposits /
- preservation potential /
- sediment dynamics /
- high-barrier lagoon /
- Hainan Island
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Figure 1. Location of Xincun Lagoon on the southeastern coast of Hainan Island (a), core sites and tidal location in the Xincun Lagoon (b), surface sample location (c), and passage of major storm that impacted Xincun Lagoon since 1950 CE (d). The inset in c shows the wind direction rose map along Lingshui coast (date source: The Compile Committee of China Bay Record, 1999).
Figure 2. Activity–depth profiles of 210Pb activity in the sediment cores. The dark triangle represents the total 210Pb activity, while the circle denotes the excess 210Pb activity. 1 dpm/g≈16.67 Bq/kg.
Figure 3. XRF-derived bulk Pb concentration for Core XCL-01 (a), and changes of aquatic production in Lingshui City (data from the Hainan Statistical Yearbook for 1957–2013) (b).
Figure 4. Grain size parameters of surface sediment samples (adopted from Yang et al. (2017)).
Figure 5. Standard deviation vs grain size diagram for all cores (a), and grain size distribution of storm deposits and non-storm deposits of all cores (b–f).
Figure 6. Vertical variations in D90 grain size of cores XCL-01, XC-06, XC-07, XC-08, and XC-03. The arrows represent storm events and the dash lines represent the age of 1910 CE based on the sedimentation rate of each core. The dashed line represents the background values.
Figure 7. Vertical profiles of D90 grain size and ratio of Sr/Fe and Zr/Al for Core XCL-01 as well as historical storm records of southeastern Hainan Island for post-1800CE.
Figure 8. Measured and simulated tidal water level (B1 site) and significant wave height (B2 site) in the Xincun Lagoon in 2017. The gray band represents the Typhoon Doksuri period.
Figure 10. Conceptual model of mechanisms of coarse-grained sand formation caused by storm impacts within the Xincun Lagoon sequence (modified from Maio et al., 2016). a. Conceptualized cross section of the tidal basin showing core locations, beach, and flood delta sands. Windblown waves generated by storms further increase the tide level and current speed, resulting in erosion of the flood delta, beach, and shoreface sand. b. Coarse-grained sand is suspended and transported into the tidal basin it is sorted and deposited on the tidal basin bottom bed. c and d. Increased storm surged water within the tidal basin provides up the conditions for a strong current capable of transporting sand from the flood delta tidal beach down into the tidal basin.
Table 1. Major storm events impacting Lingshui coast between 1950 and 2014 (http://tcdata.typhoon.gov.cn; The Compile Committee of China Bay Record, 1999; Ying et al., 2014)
Date Name Maximum wind/(m·s–1) Pressure/hPa Category Maximum tidal water level/m 1954.05.11 Elsie 35 960 1 2.44 1962.09.21 Carla 35 984 1 – 1971.05.25 Dinah 35 990 1 – 1971.10.09 Elaine 45 975 2 2.60 1973.09.14 Marge 42 975 1 – 1981.06.04 Kelly 45 965 2 2.73 1985.10.21 Dot 40 970 1 – 1989.06.10 Dot 35 970 1 – 1991.07.13 Zeke 40 965 1 – 2000.09.09 Wukong 33 975 1 – 2005.09.26 Damrey 35 970 1 – 2010.07.16 Conson 35 970 1 – Note:– means no data. 
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Table 2. Supplementary documented literature of storm events occurring in 1863, 1848, and 1939 CE
Date Documented description Landfall site 1863 On November 21st in 1863 CE, jufeng moved from east to south, buildings were razed.
On November 27th in 1863 CE, jufeng moved from northwest to southeast, numerous houses were destroyed, thousands of people were drowned by the storm surge, which caused hazards that have never been seen before.Qiongshan 1848 On November 23rd in 1848 CE, a number of buildings and trees were demolished by extraordinarily strong winds. Dingan 1839 On December 7th–18th in 1839 CE, 6 storms and floods occurred continuously, allcrops were drowned and a large number of people lost their home, which contributed to a famine that led to the death of numerous people. In the next two years (1840 and 1841 CE), corps were destroyed again by frequent floods and drought, famine was the result. Dingan, Wenchang
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