Distribution pattern of macrobenthic assemblages along a salinity gradient in the Hangzhou Bay and its adjacent waters
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Abstract: It is widely acknowledged that the distribution of macrobenthos is affected by salinity, but the degree of influence varies in different areas. To explore the distribution pattern of macrobenthic assemblages in the Hangzhou Bay, 12 stations were sampled to collect macrobenthos and the corresponding bottom water. Changes in the general characteristics of macrobenthos along the salinity gradient in the Hangzhou Bay and its adjacent waters were considered. Three dominant species were identified, including the polychaetes Sternaspis chinensis, the crustacea Oratosquilla oratoria and the echinoderm Ophiuroglypha kinbergi. And the macrobenthic assemblages showed a zonal distribution along with the salinity change. The correlation analyses showed that salinity, depth, temperature, suspended solids and dissolved oxygen had concurrent significant correlations with carnivorous group, Margalef species richness (d), Brillouin index (H) and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’). In light of the strong correlation between salinity and Changjiang River diluted water, which produces considerable disturbances by freshwater inflows, the deposition of suspended solids and the resuspension of seabed sediments, the combined environmental disturbances, instead of salinity alone, should be adopted to explain the zonation distribution pattern of macrobenthic assemblages.
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Key words:
- macrobenthos /
- dominant species /
- functional groups /
- environmental disturbances
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Figure 1. Locations of the stations in the northern East China Sea investigated from 2012 to 2019. L1–L4 are in the low-salinity area (salinity: 10–20); M1–M4 are in the medium-salinity area (salinity: 20–30); H1–H4 are in the high-salinity area (salinity: >30).
Figure 3. Cluster analysis of macrofaunal assemblages across the whole sampling period.
Figure 4. The microbenthic diversity indices during 2012–2019. The following abbreviations were used in the figure: Margalef species richness (d), Pielou’s evenness (J'), Brillouin index (H), and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H').
Figure 5. The abundance of functional groups at different stations across the whole sampling period. Pl: planktophagous group; C: carnivorous group; O: omnivorous group; D: detritivorous group.
Figure 6. The abundance of functional groups in three salinity levels from 2012 to 2019. a. Carnivorous group; b. detritivorous group; c. omnivorous group; d. planktophagous group.
Table 1. Pearson bivariate correlation analyses among macrobenthic functional groups, dominant species, diversity indices, depth, salinity, temperature, suspended solids and dissolved oxygen concentrations
Depth Salinity Temperature Suspended solids Dissolved oxygen Carnivorous 0.415** 0.433** −0.437** −0.322** −0.282* Detritivorous 0.189 0.295* −0.254* −0.085 −0.294* Omnivorous 0.030 0.048 −0.083 −0.084 −0.077 Planktophagous 0.233 0.277* −0.375** −0.160 −0.350** Sternaspis chinensis −0.198 0.050 0.051 0.125 0.002 Oratosquilla oratoria 0.143 0.202 −0.201 −0.148 −0.111 Ophiuroglypha kinbergi 0.266* 0.227 −0.263* −0.218 −0.336** d 0.612** 0.646** −0.696** −0.383** −0.640** J' −0.139 −0.186 0.156 0.060 0.076 H 0.633** 0.681** −0.719** −0.397** −0.656** H' 0.629** 0.675** −0.713** −0.392** −0.661** Note: **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); * correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed), and the following abbreviations were used: Margalef species richness (d), Pielou's evenness (J'), Brillouin index (H), and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'). 
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A1. Macrobenthos collected in the Hangzhou Bay and its adjacent waters across the whole sampling period from 2012 to 2019
Species Phylum Functional group Chloeia sp. Annelida C Glycera chirori Izuka, 1912 Annelida C Glycinde bonhourei Gravier, 1904 Annelida C Goniada japonica Izuka, 1912 Annelida C Kuwaita heteropoda (Marenzeller, 1879) Annelida C Lumbrineris cruzensis Hartman, 1944 Annelida C Aglaophamus dibranchis (Grube, 1877) Annelida C Aglaophamus sinensis Fauvel, 1932 Annelida C Nephtys glabra Hartman, 1950 Annelida C Alpheus japonicus Miers, 1879 Arthropoda C Eucrate crenata (De Haan, 1835) Arthropoda C Neoeriocheir leptognathus (Rathbun, 1913) Arthropoda C Heteropilumnus ciliatus (Stimpson, 1858) Arthropoda C Charybdis japonica (A. Milne-Edwards, 1861) Arthropoda C Oratosquilla oratoria (de Haan, 1844) Arthropoda C Cylichna cylindracea (Pennant, 1777) Mollusca C Nassarius sinarus (Philippi, 1851) Mollusca C Nassarius succinctus (A. Adams, 1852) Mollusca C Nassarius variciferus (A. Adams, 1852) Mollusca C Neverita didyma (Röding, 1798) Mollusca C Philine kinglipini Tchang, 1934 Mollusca C Lineus sp. Nemertea C Nemertea indet. Nemertea C Diopatra chiliensis Quatrefages, 1866 Annelida C Caprella spp. Arthropoda C Cossura dimorpha (Hartman, 1976) Annelida C Metasychis gotoi (Izuka, 1902) Annelida C Perinereis nuntia (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) Annelida C Filograna implexa Berkeley, 1835 Annelida C Ehlersileanira incisa (Grube, 1877) Annelida C Palaemon carinicauda (Holthuis, 1950) Arthropoda C Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides White, 1846 Arthropoda C Ctenotrypauchen chinensis Steindachner, 1867 Chordata C Odontamblyopus lacepedii (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845) Chordata C Odontamblyopus rubicundus (Hamilton, 1822) Chordata C Trypauchen vagina (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Chordata C Hediste japonica (Izuka, 1908) Annelida D Notomastus latericeus Sars, 1851 Annelida D Aphelochaeta filiformis (Keferstein, 1862) Annelida D Euclymene annandalei Southern, 1921 Annelida D Maldanidae Annelida D Ophelina spp. Annelida D Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers, 1901) Annelida D Sternaspis chinensis Wu, Salazar-Vallejo & Xu, 2015 Annelida D Loimia medusa (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) Annelida D Amaeana occidentalis (Hartman, 1944) Annelida D Paracaudina chilensis (Müller, 1850) Echinodermata D Protankyra bidentata (Woodward & Barrett, 1858) Echinodermata D Amphioplus (Lymanella) laevis (Lyman, 1874) Echinodermata D Ophiuroglypha kinbergi (Ljungman, 1866) Echinodermata D Nucula faba Xu, 1999 Mollusca D Yoldia similis Kuroda et Habe, 1952 Mollusca D Raphidopus ciliatus Stimpson, 1858 Arthropoda O Actiniaria Cnidaria O Lygdamis nesiotes (Chamberlin, 1919) Annelida O Lygdamissp. Annelida O Gammaridae Arthropoda O Upogebia sp. Arthropoda O Oliva mustelina Lamarck, 1811 Mollusca O Virgularia sp. Cnidaria Pl Siliqua minima (Gmelin, 1791) Mollusca Pl Leptochela (Leptochela) gracilis Stimpson, 1860 Arthropoda Pl Moerella hilaris (Hanley, 1844) Mollusca Pl Moerella iridescens (Benson, 1842) Mollusca Pl Note: the following abbreviations were used: carnivorous group (C), detritivorous group (D), omnivorous group (O) and planktophagous group (Pl).
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