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Abstract: China (herein referred as China’s mainland, and excluding Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan) ranks as the world’s leading fishing nation, with approximately 11.1 million tons of domestic marine catch acquired in 2017. Marine fisheries resources in China are mainly exploited by its 11 coastal provinces and municipalities, and the development of fishing industry varies among them. However, few studies have examined the exploitation history of the 11 coastal provinces and municipalities. In this paper, we systematically quantified the exploitation history of marine fishery resources in China and then measured the vulnerability of the 11 coastal provinces and municipalities of China to a reduction in marine catches. Our analysis suggested that Chinese marine fisheries experienced rapid growth from the mid-1980s to the end of the 20th century, and this rapid increase in marine catches were mainly promoted by increased fishing effort. The total primary production required level amounted to approximately 80% of the average primary productivity in 2017, and Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Hainan and Guangdong provinces were the main fishing provinces in China. By assessing three dimensions of vulnerability (exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity) to the impacts of a reduction in marine catches in the 11 coastal provinces and municipalities, we found that Hainan, Guangxi, Zhejiang and Fujian provinces had high or very high vulnerability, while the municipalities of Shanghai and Tianjin had low vulnerability. Identifying suitable adaptation policies and management plans based on the differences in vulnerability among coastal provinces is important in sustainable fisheries management.
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Figure 3. Primary production required to sustain marine catches during 1985–2017 (expressed as a percentage of primary production, %PPR).
Figure 4. Maps of the interdecadal changes in the percentage of primary production (%PPR) for the 11 coastal provinces in China.
Figure 6. Overall vulnerability (a), exposure (b), sensitivity (c), and adaptive capacity (d) of the 11 coastal provinces in China to a reduction in marine catches.
Table 1. Summary of the variables and data sources used to calculate the exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity of coastal provinces to fishery vulnerability associated with a reduction in marine catches
Component Interpretation Variable Data sources Exposure reliance on marine capture fisheries (2015–2017) marine catches as a percentage of total fishery production China Fishery Statistical Yearbook 2016–2018 Sensitivity food security dependency (2015–2017) $\large \displaystyle\frac{\rm{fish protein intake/total animal protein intake}}{\rm{total animal protein intake/required animal protein intake}}$ China Statistical Yearbook 2016–2018 employment dependency (2015–2017) marine capture fisheries employment as a percentage of the total employment China Fishery Statistical Yearbook 2016–2018 and Statistical Yearbook of Related Provinces 2016–2018 economic dependency (2015–2017) economic value of marine capture fisheries as a percentage of the GDP China Fishery Statistical Yearbook 2016–2018 and China Statistical Yearbook 2016–2018 Adaptive capacity assets (2015–2017) GDP per capita China Statistical Yearbook 2016–2018 flexibility (2010) life expectancy at birth China Population and Employment Statistics Yearbook 2017 learning (2015–2017) average years of education China Statistical Yearbook 2016–2018 social organization (2015–2017) input intensity of R&D China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology 2016–2018 
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Table 2. The percentage of fishery production of different fishery sectors in total fishery production for the 11 coastal provinces and municipalities of China, averaged over 2015–2017
Fishing provinces
and municipalitiesMarine capture
fishery/%Distant water
fishery/%Freshwater capture
fishery /%Aquaculture/% Tianjin 10.5 4.1 2.2 83.2 Hebei 20.0 2.8 5.7 71.5 Liaoning 14.6 5.7 1.0 78.7 Shanghai 5.7 47.3 0.7 46.3 Jiangsu 10.6 0.5 6.1 82.8 Zhejiang 55.0 8.2 1.6 35.2 Fujian 25.7 4.7 1.0 68.6 Shandong 22.0 5.3 1.0 71.7 Guangdong 17.6 0.6 1.4 80.4 Guangxi 19.6 0.2 3.5 76.7 Hainan 65.1 0 0.9 34.0 Note: Data source: China Fishery Statistical Yearbook.
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