Dietary separation between co-occurring copepods in a food-limited tropical coral reef of the Sanya Bay
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Abstract: Food differentiation among coexistent species in the field is important strategy for copepods to acquire materials and maintain population stabilization. In situ diet analysis of co-occurring six copepod species in coral waters of the Sanya Bay was conducted using a PCR protocol based on 18S ribosomal gene. Various prey organisms were uncovered, including dinoflagellate, diatom, green algae and plant, protozoa and metazoan. All these spatially co-existing six species showed different dietary diversity, with the food niche breadth (B) ranging from 1.00 (Temora turbinate in morning) to 10.68 (Calanopia elliptica in night). While food overlap between all these copepods were low, with the average value of the diet niche overlap index being approximately 0.09. Even temporally co-existing species sampled from the same time point fed on different groups of prey items with the food overlap index of 0.04 to 0.07 in midday and night but 0 in morning. As the most important dominant copepod in the Sanya Bay, Subeucalanus subcrassus seems to be capable to regulate its feeding, by exhibiting a rhythm of herbivorous feeding in midday and carnivorous feeding in morning and night, to better coordinate with other competitors for utilization of food resources. For most copepods, none of the prey items belonged to the dominant phytoplankton in the ambient water, indicating that copepod can better their survival by widening the choice of potential food resources in food limited environment. The dietary separation observed here might be important strategy for copepod to maintain population stabilization and thriving in the Sanya coastal waters.
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Key words:
- copepod /
- food partitioning /
- Sanya Bay /
- coral reef ecosystem
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Figure 2. 18S rDNA phylogram for different copepod species from different sampling time in the Sanya Bay. Neighbour-Joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree was shown here and only representative clones from each major lineage were included in the tree. Different colors denote different sampling time and different symbols denote different copepods. Canle-n represents Calanopia elliptica from night, Temtu-m Temora turbinate from morning, Neote-m Neocalanus tenuicornis from morning, Acane-md Acartia negligens from midday, Acrgi-md Acrocalanus gibber from midday, Subsu-m Subeucalanus subcrassus from morning, Subsu-md S. subcrassus from midday, and Subsu-n S. subcrassus from night.
Figure 3. Bipartite networks depicting the main dietary specialization and overlaps of different copepod samples. Bars on the top line represent different copepod sampled from different time (Canle-n represents Calanopia elliptica from night, Temtu-m Temora turbinate from morning, Neote-m Neocalanus tenuicornis from morning, Acane-md Acartia negligens from midday, Acrgi-md Acrocalanus gibber from midday, Subsu-m Subeucalanus subcrassus from morning, Subsu-md S. subcrassus from midday, and Subsu-n S. subcrassus from night). Bars on the bottom line represent different food items on species level (shortening the names with the first three letters of the genus name and first two letters of the species names), and the width of bars denote the relative percentage of each food items. A line connecting the bars between copepod and food species represents an intaking event.
Table 1. Phytoplankton community of ambient water from different times
Species
numberPercentage
/%Density/103
cells·L–1Percentage
/%Morning Diatom 13 68.4 7.2 74.2 Dinoflagellate 5 26.3 2.2 22.6 Others 1 5.3 0.3 3.2 Sum 19 100 9.7 100 Midday Diatom 17 85 24.3 95.9 Dinoflagellate 3 15 1.0 4.1 Others Sum 20 100 25.4 100 Night Diatom 17 85 38.6 52.6 Dinoflagellate 2 10 0.6 0.9 Others 1 5 34.1 46.5 Sum 20 100 73.3 100 Note: Others include Cyanobacteria (mostly) and Chrysophyta. 
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Table 2. Diversity indices of prey organisms in the eight copepod samples analyzed
Sample ID Taxa_S Individuals Simpson_1-D Shannon_H Chao-1 Subsu-m 2 15 0.124 4 0.244 9 2 Subsu-md 6 23 0.544 4 1.166 7.5 Subsu-n 3 12 0.291 7 0.566 1 4 Temtu-m 1 15 0 0 1 Neote-m 2 22 0.0867 8 0.184 9 2 Acrne-md 3 20 0.625 1.04 3 Acrgi-md 3 17 0.214 5 0.443 8 4 Calel-n 10 27 0.776 4 1.867 12.5 Note: Subsu represents Subeucalanus subcrassus, Temtu Temora turbinate, Neote Neocalanus tenuicornis, Acrne Acartia negligens, Acrgi Acrocalanus gibber, Calel Calanopia elliptica, m morning, md midday, and n night.
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Table 3. Diet niche overlap indexes of all the copepods samples
Subsu-m Temtu-m Neote-m Subsu-md Acrgi-md Acane-md Subsu-n Calel-n Subsu-m 1 01) 01) 0.04 0 0 0.9 0 Temtu-m 0 1 01) 0.09 0 0 0 0.19 Neote-m 0 0 1 0 0.06 0 0 0.04 Subsu-md 0.04 0.09 0 1 0.061) 0.041) 0.09 0.17 Acrgi-md 0 0 0.06 0.06 1 01) 0 0.11 Acane-md 0 0 0 0.04 0 1 0.09 0.18 Subsu-n 0.9 0 0 0.09 0 0.09 1 0.071) Calel-n 0 0.19 0.04 0.17 0.11 0.18 0.07 1 Note: 1) The diet niche overlap indexes of copepods from the same sampling time (morning, midday and night).
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