Oxidative stress responses to cadmium in the seedlings of a commercial seaweed Sargassum fusiforme
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Abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is a common heavy metal pollutant in the aquatic environment, generally toxic to plant growth and leading to growth inhibition and biomass reduction. To study the oxidation resistance in Sargassum fusiforme seedlings in response to inorganic Cd stress, we cultured the seedlings under two different Cd levels: natural seawater and high Cd stress. High Cd stress significantly inhibited the seedlings growth, and darkened the thalli color. Additionally, the pigment contents, growth rate, peroxidase (POD) activity, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) content, and glutathione reductase (GR) activity in S. fusiforme were significantly reduced by high Cd treatment. Contrarily, the Cd accumulation, Cd2+ absorption rate, dark respiration/net photosynthetic rate (Rd/Pn), ascorbic acid (Vc) content, soluble protein (SP) content, glutathione (GSH), and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) of S. fusiforme under Cd treatment significantly increased compared to the control group. The decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) was not significant. Although S. fusiforme seedlings increased the antioxidant activities of POD, SOD, Vc, and the AsA-GSH cycle to disseminate H2O2 and maintain healthy metabolism, high Cd stress caused Cd accumulation in the stem and leaves of S. fusiforme seedlings. The excessive Cd significantly restricted photosynthesis and reduced photosynthetic pigments in the seedlings, resulting in growth inhibition and deep morphological color, especially of the stems. High levels of Cd in seawater had toxic effects on commercial S. fusiforme seedlings, and risked this edible seaweed for human food.
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Key words:
- Sargassum fusiforme /
- cadmium stress /
- oxidation resistance /
- photosynthesis /
- aquaculture /
- marine pollution
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Figure 1. Relative growth rate (RGR) of Sargassum fusiforme youth seedlings under the conditions of natural seawater (Control) and Cd ion enrichment (Treatment) after 10 d of indoor culture. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences between the control and treatment at 0.05 level of significance. Values are means±SD for triplicates.
Figure 2. Comparisons of viewable morphology (a) and the schematic drawing of physiological processes involved in antioxidation acidities (b) in Sargassum fusiforme youth thalli after 10 d Cd ion stress. The rectangle represents the enzyme activity and the circle represents the substance content. The orange represents a significant increase and the light blue represents a significant decrease. Colorless represents uncertain change.
Figure 3. Changes in net photosynthetic rates of Sargassum fusiforme seedlings at a saturation light intensity of 400 μmol photons m–2 s–1 (Pn) and its dark respiration (Rd) (A), and ratios of Rd/Pn (B) under the conditions of natural seawater (Control) and Cd ion enrichment (Treatment) after 10 d of indoor culture. Significant differences between the control and treatment at 0.01 levels were indicated. Values are means±SD (n=3).
Figure 4. Pigment (A) and soluble protein (B) contents of Sargassum fusiforme seedlings under the conditions of natural seawater (Control) and Cd ion enrichment (Treatment) after 10 d of indoor culture. Significant differences between the control and treatment at 0.01 levels were indicated. Values are means±SD (n=3).
Figure 5. Comparisons of inorganic Cd iron uptake rates (V) (A) and Cd accumulation (B) in Sargassum fusiforme youth seedlings under the conditions of natural seawater (Control) and Cd ion enrichment (Treatment) after 10 d of indoor culture. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences between control and treatment (P<0.05). Values are means±SD for triplicates.
Figure 6. Changes in antioxidation activities in Sargassum fusiforme youth seedlings under the conditions of natural seawater (Control) and Cd ion enrichment (Treatment) after 10 d of indoor culture. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences between control and treatment (P<0.05). Bars represent mean values of three replicates±SD.
Figure 7. Changes in MDA and CAT contents in Sargassum fusiforme youth seedlings under the conditions of natural seawater (Control) and Cd ion enrichment (Treatment) after 10 d of indoor culture. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences between control and treatment (P<0.05). Values are means±SD for triplicates.
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