Response of the upper ocean to tropical cyclone in the Northwest Pacific observed by gliders during fall 2018
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Abstract: The evolution of thermohaline structure at the upper ocean during three tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Northwest Pacific was studied in this study based on successive observation by two new-style underwater gliders during fall 2018. These remote-controllable gliders with CTD sensor enabled us to explore high frequency responses of temperature, salinity, mixed and barrier layers in the upper ocean to severe TCs in this area. Results showed that three significant cooling-to-warming and stratification destructing-to-reconstructing processes at the mixed layer occurred during the lives of three TCs. The maximal cooling of SST all reached ≥0.5°C although TCs with different intensities had different minimal distances to the observed area. Under potential impacts of solar radiation, tide and inertial motions, the mixed layer depth possessed significant high-frequency fluctuations during TC periods. In addition, barrier layers appeared and vanished quickly during TCs, accompanied with varied temperature inversion processes.
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Key words:
- mixed layer depth /
- barrier layer /
- tropical cyclone /
- underwater glider /
- Northwest Pacific
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Figure 1. The tracks of three TCs (a) and glider pathway during the cruise (b). In a, the colored dots illustrate the location and intensity level of TC, larger dots indicate every first point of a day and text above shows the date; rough ranges of 7th grade wind of each TCs when they are closest to the observed region are illustrated as translucent circles (only for TC level over TS); grey background indicates the topography. In b, the paths of Glider 1 and Glider 2 are marked with dotted and solid lines, respectively; profile locations are marked with circular or triangular markers whose color indicates the observation date.
Figure 2. Comparisons of averaged thermohalinic profiles from two gliders for the same period from September 15 to October 5. Variable σ0 is the potential density anomaly with respect to 1 000 kg/m3. Black and grey lines represent Glider 1 and Glider 2, respectively.
Figure 3. Satellite-observed sea surface temperature demonstrated by background color during the period. The tracks of TCs are shown as dotted lines with colored circles representing the intensity level (reference the color table in Fig. 1). The dates are shown in lower left corner of every graph.
Figure 4. Variables curves are from ERA5 or glider observation. For evaporation rate and latent heat flux, negative phases mean the direction is from ocean surface to the air. Shaded areas indicate when a TC was within 700 km of the observed region, and bold-dotted lines indicate the time when a TC is nearest.
Figure 5. Sequence of thermohalinic profiles during TC Mangkhut. Texts inside frame identify the gliders (G1 for Glider 1, G2 for Glider 2), dates and hours. Horizontal dotted lines indicate the MLD (in grey) or ILD (in blue, in case not equal to MLD).
Figure 6. Sequences of thermohalinic profiles during TC Trami. Texts inside frame identify the gliders (G1 for Glider 1, G2 for Glider 2), dates and hours. Horizontal dotted lines indicate the MLD (in grey) or ILD (in blue, in case not equal to MLD).
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