Long-term changes in sea surface temperature (SST) within the southern Levantine Basin
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Abstract: Knowledge of sea surface temperature (SST) behaviour is vital for long-term climate scenarios. This study highlights essential outcomes about the distinguishable and unsurprising warming of the SST along the southern border of the Levantine Basin. The analysis is based on monthly SST data for the period 1948–2018. The southern Levantine Basin has undergone SST increase, during the last 71 years. In this study, a consistent warming trend has been found for the analysed SST data series, with a rate of 0.04°C/a, i.e., 0.4°C/(10 a). From 1975 to 1991 the mean annual SST was 17.1°C, and this increased to be 19.2°C, over the period 2002–2018. Results revealed two opposite trends of variability: a decreasing trend (–0.06°C/a) over the period 1975–1991, and an increasing trend (0.2°C/a) from 2002 to 2018. Over the period 1948–2018, positive mean annual SST anomalies had an average of 1.8°C, and negative anomalies had an average of –1.1°C. The lowest SST total increase was found from January to April, with values about 0.03°C, while the highest warming appeared from June to September. The driving mechanisms behind the SST changes need to be more investigated, to understand the future trends and impacts of climate change in the Levantine Basin.
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Key words:
- Mediterranean Sea /
- Levantine Basin /
- sea surface temperature /
- anomaly /
- trends /
- warming
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Figure 2. The southern border of the Levantine Basin with the 18 grids of 1° × 1° each.
Figure 3. Mean annual SST along the southern border of the Levantine Basin over the period of 1948–2018.
Figure 4. The mean annual SST variabilities and their trends over the two periods of 1975–1991 (a) and 2002–2018 (b).
Figure 5. Mean annual SST anomaly along the southern border of the Levantine Basin from 1948 to 2018.
Figure 7. Southern Levantine SST monthly trends of increase for the 1948–2018 of period.
Table 1. Data availability over the study period (1948–2018)
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1948 * * * * * * * * * 1949 1950 * * * * * * 1951 * * * * * * 1952 * * * * * * * * 1953 1954 * * * * * * 1955 1956 * * * * * * * * 1957 * * * * * * * * * 1958 * * * * * * * * * * 1959 * * * * * * 1960 * * * * * * 1961 * * * * * * 1962 * 1963 * * * * * * * * * * * 1964 1965 * * * * * * 1966 * * * * * * * * * 1967 * * * * * * 1968 * * * * * * * * * 1969 * * * * * * * * * 1970 * * * * * * * * 1971 * * * * * * * * * * 1972 * * * * * * 1973 * * * * * * 1974 1975 * * * * * * 1976 * * * * * * * * * * 1977 * * * * * * * * * * * * 1978 * * * * * * * 1979 * * * * * * * * * * * 1980 * * * * * * 1981 * * * * * * * * * 1982 * * * * * * * * * * * 1983 * * * * * * * * * * * * 1984 * * * * * * * * * * * * 1985 * * * * * * * * 1986 * * * * * * * * * * * * 1987 * * * * * * * * * * * 1988 * * * * * * * * * * * * 1989 * * * * * * 1990 * * * * * * * * * * * 1991 * * * * * * 1992 1993 * * * * * * * * * 1994 * * * * * * 1995 * * * * * * 1996 * * * * * * 1997 1998 to be continued 
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Table 2. Minimum and maximum SST in the Levantine Basin
Winter Spring Summer Autumn Present work Result of Shaltout and Omstedt (2014) Present work Result of Shaltout and Omstedt (2014) Present work Result of Shaltout and Omstedt (2014) Present work Result of Shaltout and Omstedt (2014) Min. SST/°C 12.7 (1968) 16.1 (1993) 13.4 (1957) 19.1 (1987) 15.6 (1950) 25 (1984) 13.1 (1985) 20.8 (1988) Max. SST/°C 20.8 (1963) 17.6 (2012) 25.3 (2016) 20.8 (2003) 27.9 (2015) 27.1 (2012) 26.8 (2015) 22.8 (2010)
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Table 3. Seasonal SST rates of increase in the Levantine Basin
Winter Spring Summer Autumn Present work Result of Shaltout and Omstedt (2014) Present work Result of Shaltout and Omstedt (2014) Present work Result of Shaltout and Omstedt (2014) Present work Result of Shaltout and Omstedt (2014) SST rate of increase/ºC 0.022 0.028 0.030 0.031 0.020 0.041 0.032 0.038
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