Tectonic implications of the subduction of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge beneath the Kyushu, southwest Japan
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Abstract: The Kyushu-Palau Ridge (KPR), a remnant arc on the Philippine Sea Plate (PSP), is subducting beneath the Kyushu, southwest Japan. Influenced by the subducting KPR, the Kyushu subduction zone corresponding to the KPR is significantly different from Shikoku subduction zone in terms of gravity anomalies, seismicity, the stress state, and the subducting slab morphology. Significant negative free-air and Bouguer gravity anomalies are observed in a prolonged area of KPR, southeast of the Miyazaki Plain, indicating that this is where KPR overlaps the overriding plate. The gravity anomaly in this area is much lower than that in other areas where the inferred KPR extends, suggesting that the subduction of the buoyant KPR may cause the lower mantle density to decrease. More earthquakes have occurred in Hyuga-nada region where the KPR subducts than in Shikoku forearc and other areas in the Kyushu forearc, indicating that the subduction of the KPR enhances the local coupling between the subducting and overriding plates. The centroid moment tensor (CMT) mechanism of earthquakes shows that stress is concentrated in the accumulated crust beneath the Kyushu forearc corresponding to the KPR, and the shallow thrusting events in the obducting plate are caused by the KPR subduction. The buoyant KPR, with a large volume of low-density sediments, was responsible for the differences of the subduction depth and dip angle of the subducting Philippine Sea (PS) slab between northern Kyushu and Shikoku. The seismic gaps and the sudden change of the dipping angle of the subducting PS slab indicate that slab tear may have occurred along the west side of the KPR beneath southwest Kyushu. A two-tear model was proposed, and the subduction of the buoyant KPR was believed to play an important role in the slab tear.
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Key words:
- Kyushu-Palau Ridge /
- gravity anomaly /
- seismicity /
- slab morphology /
- slab tear
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Figure 1. Overview of the plate tectonics of the southwestern Japan. The topography is from ETOPO1 (Amante and Eakins, 2009). The red triangles represent active volcanoes. Intermediate-magnitude (6≤MW≤7.5) earthquakes that have occurred in the Hyuga-nada region since the 1960s are marked with green stars. The yellow and blue dashed lines denote the active left-lateral shear zone and tectonic line, respectively. The black dashed line demarcates the inferred subducted KPR, and the red dotted line shows the location of the slab fracture (Park et al., 2009). The sawtooth curves represent the trenches. The solid and open circles denote uplifted marine terraces formed during the late Pleistocene and middle Holocene, respectively (Nakada et al., 2002). The altitudes of these terraces (m) are also shown. WPB: West Philippine Basin, SB: Shikoku Basin, PVB: Parece Vela Basin, KPR: Kyushu-Palau Ridge, OKTL: Oita-Kumamoto Tectonic Line, and MTL: Median Tectonic Line.
Figure 2. Free-air gravity anomaly map of the study area (a), and Bouguer anomaly map of the study area (b). The contours represent intervals of 25×10–5 m/s2. The red ellipses mark the maximum negative gravity anomalies off the Miyazaki Plain. Lines with capital letters (e.g., P1–P1′) are the positions of the geophysical sections shown in Fig. 7. MP: Miyazaki Plain.
Figure 3. Epicentral distribution of earthquakes (MW≥3) in different depth ranges for southwest Japan from 1960 to 2018. Earthquake epicenters were derived from the USGS Earthquake Hazards Program. Lines with capital letters (e.g., A–A′) are the positions of the seismicity profiles shown in Fig. 5. The light yellow ellipse denotes the seismic concentration zone in Hyuga-nada region.
Figure 4. GCMT solutions of earthquakes (MW≥4) during 1976–2017. The topography is from SRTM15+ (Tozer et al., 2019). The blue squares show hydrothermal deposits that may be related to the subduction of the KPR. The contours denote the bathymetry at 1000 m intervals. The size of the focal sphere is proportional to the magnitude of the earthquake, and the color of the compressed quadrant of each focal sphere denotes the depth of the hypocenter. The black dashed line marks the inferred KPR. The light grey ellipse denotes the seismic concentration zone. SB: Shikoku Basin, MP: Miyazaki Plain, MTL: Median Tectonic Line, and OKTL: Oita-Kumamoto Tectonic Line.
5. Distributions of earthquakes along typical cross-sections. The cross-sections are 100 km wide. The thick black lines mark the upper boundary of the subducting slab (Slab 1.0). The light green rectangles mark the seismic gaps. The black dotted line represents the location of the KPR.
Figure 6. Morphology of the upper boundary of the subducting PS slab beneath southwest Japan. a. Depth of the upper boundary of the subducting PS slab. The green lines denote the upper boundary of the subducting PS slab estimated from the teleseismic tomography (Zhao et al., 2012). b. Subduction angles of the subducting PS slab. The light pink ellipse shows a sudden change in the subduction angle that may be related to the subduction of the KPR.
Figure 7. Comprehensive geophysical (Bouguer anomaly, free-air anomaly, and topography) sections perpendicular to the inferred KPR (see Fig. 2a for line location). The light yellow rectangles represent the location of the inferred KPR.
Figure 8. Vertical P-wave tomography cross-sections along the profiles shown on the inset map (modified from Huang et al., 2013; Cao et al., 2014). Red and blue colors denote lower and higher velocities, respectively. The velocity perturbation scale (%) is shown at the bottom. The red triangles denote active arc volcanoes. The red broken lines in K9 and K10 represent the discontinuity or gap in the high-velocity zone. The two dashed lines in each cross-section represent the 410 km and 660 km discontinuities. The white dots denote seismicity that occurred within a 20 km width of each profile.
Figure 9. 3-D view of the two-tear model for the subducting KPR. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations.
Table 1. List of the events and fault plane solutions obtained from the GCMT catalog
Event No. Date (d/m/y) Time (GMT) N lat/(°) E lon/(°) Depth/km MW Mb Ms Fault plane 1 strike/
dip/slip /(°)Fault plane 2 strike/
dip/slip /(°)1 14/4/2016 15:03 32.71 130.69 12.0 6.0 0.0 6.0 30/77/180 120/90/13 2 18/4/2016 11:42 33.00 131.12 13.2 5.5 0.0 5.5 44/79/–175 313/85/–11 3 19/4/2016 08:52 32.55 130.54 13.3 5.3 0.0 5.3 36/73/–177 305/87/–17 4 19/4/2016 11:47 32.62 130.56 16.1 4.9 0.0 4.8 21/77/179 112/89/13 5 5/5/2016 01:40 33.02 130.92 24.4 4.9 0.0 4.6 49/60/–179 318/89/–30 6 12/2/1994 17:07 32.03 130.33 15.0 5.4 4.7 5.3 179/89/–179 89/89/–1 7 26/3/1997 08:31 32.04 130.09 29.8 6.1 5.6 5.9 8/89/179 98/89/1 8 2/4/1997 19:33 31.82 130.17 15.0 5.4 5.1 5.0 2/70/166 97/77/20 9 13/5/1997 05:38 32.00 130.26 16.2 6.0 5.6 5.8 280/75/–14 14/77/–164 10 5/12/1983 01:53 32.29 131.64 31.5 5.4 5.0 5.5 340/9/–151 221/86/–82 11 6/8/1984 19.06 32.34 131.94 28.5 6.9 6.2 6.8 337/7/–136 203/85/–85 12 12/5/1985 10:41 32.83 132.52 38.9 5.5 5.7 5.2 0/33/–103 195/58/–82 13 18/3/1987 03:36 31.94 131.77 38.0 6.0 6.5 6.6 348/27/–103 182/64/–84 14 27/3/2006 02:50 32.70 132.02 22.2 5.5 5.3 5.7 315/5/–164 09/89/–85 15 5/8/2009 03:51 32.56 131.97 33.4 5.0 5.1 0.0 360/25/–90 180/65/–90 16 2/3/2017 14:53 32.69 131.82 48.7 5.2 0.0 5.3 334/25/–129 196/71/–74 17 30/6/1984 20:27 30.07 131.47 23.8 5.4 5.3 0.0 348/38/–107 189/54/–78 18 2/3/1985 08:45 30.54 132.15 17.9 5.3 5.3 5.1 6/32/–100 197/59/–84 19 27/9/1993 04:43 30.81 132.21 27.0 5.6 5.5 5.2 36/26/–55 177/69/–105 20 14/11/1995 17:08 31.48 133.10 28.8 5.0 5.1 4.2 199/45/–81 6/45/–99 21 16/7/2002 11:57 30.87 132.35 15.0 5.4 5.4 4.8 21/45/–70 173/48/–109 22 9/4/2011 12:57 30.04 131.84 12.2 6.0 6.1 6.0 358/36/–107 199/56/–78 23 13/2/2013 03:57 30.30 131.58 12.0 5.4 5.5 5.4 343/26/–134 211/72/–71 24 29/42017 12:32 30.82 131.43 25.9 5.8 0.0 5.7 355/30/–133 201/62/–77 25 18/12/2017 23.:28 30.78 131.76 12.0 5.1 0.0 5.2 39/14/–63 191/77/–97 26 20/12/2017 13:40 30.77 132.14 12.0 5.5 0.0 5.5 352/42/–119 209/54/–66 27 21/12/2017 03:40 30.85 131.90 12.0 5.0 0.0 5.1 17/20/–98 205/70/–87 28 19/10/1996 08:31 31.82 131.89 38.8 5.5 5.4 5.0 94/22/67 38/69/99 29 2/12/1996 22:18 31.76 131.72 33.4 6.7 6.0 6.6 206/19/80 37/71/94 30 16/12/1998 00:18 31.17 131.54 27.0 6.0 5.5 5.6 198/13/63 46/78/96 31 31/5/2005 02:04 31.35 131.69 38.0 5.7 5.5 5.3 188/32/67 34/61/103 32 5/4/2009 09:36 31.78 132.06 33.5 5.8 5.8 5.8 209/24/89 31/66/91 33 11/3/2013 09:34 31.57 131.92 28.7 5.4 5.2 0.0 186/29/70 29/63/101 34 18/7/2015 17:13 31.16 131.64 34.7 4.8 0.0 4.7 187/35/67 34/58/05 35 16/5/2016 08:50 31.69 132.08 35.9 4.9 0.0 4.8 220/32/97 32/58/86 36 5/7/1982 08:57 30.77 130.47 119.0 5.5 5.7 0.0 304/10/173 41/89/80 37 23/9/1992 13:38 31.14 130.16 168.5 5.7 5.8 0.0 261/24/160 9/82/68 38 21/11/2005 15:36 30.97 130.31 155.0 6.2 5.9 0.0 253/17/159 4/84/75 39 3/9/2009 13:26 31.08 130.19 168.4 6.2 5.9 6.2 241/23/131 18/73/74 40 25/7/2012 17:20 31.05 130.37 137.6 5.0 5.0 0.0 247/38/168 347/82/52 41 16/10/2012 13: 39 31.27 130.29 182.1 5.2 5.3 0.0 212/18/116 5/74/82 42 11/3/2013 05: 35 31.21 130.40 175.7 5.0 4.7 0.0 245/14/148 6/83/78 
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