Population differentiation in the dominant species (Ulva prolifera) of green tide in coastal waters of China
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Abstract: Since 2015, green tides with Ulva prolifera as the dominant species in the Qinhuangdao coastal waters have continued to occur. In this study, the relationship between green tides in Qinhuangdao and the Yellow Sea (setting sites in Rudong and Qingdao) was evaluated by genetic analyses of U. prolifera. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used to analyze genetic diversity and genetic relationships among groups. Genetic differentiation was lower among floating U. prolifera populations in Rudong and Qingdao than in Qinhuangdao. The floating U. prolifera population had higher genetic diversity and polymorphism levels in Qingdao and Rudong than in Qinhuangdao. Physiological experiments showed that the growth rate and net buoyancy of floating U. prolifera were highest in Qinhuangdao and Qingdao, respectively, under the same environmental conditions (temperature and light). Overall, these findings showed that U. prolifera populations in the Qinhuangdao and Yellow Sea green tides (Rudong and Qingdao) differ significantly at the molecular and physiological levels. Therefore, the Qinhuangdao green tide is not correlated with the Yellow Sea green tide and has a different origin and development mode. This study provides insight into the mechanism underlying green tide blooms in coastal waters of China.
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Key words:
- Ulva prolifera /
- green tide /
- dominant species /
- population differentiation /
- Qinhuangdao
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Figure 2. Morphological structure of floating Ulva prolifera at different locations. Green algae and its filiform branches of Rudong (a, b); green algae and its filiform branches of Qingdao (c, d); green algae and its filiform branches of Jinmenghaiwan, Qinhuangdao (e, f).
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree based on internal transcribed spacer sequences of Ulva prolifera at different locations. Bootstrap values (1 000 replicates) larger than 50% are indicated at the nodes. LPP is the abbreviation of U. linza-procera-prolifera.
Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree based on 5S sequences of Ulva prolifera from different locations. Bootstrap values (1 000 replicates) larger than 50% are indicated at the nodes.
Figure 6. Evolutionary relationships among Ulva prolifera populations based on the neighbor-joining method. RD: Rudong; QD: Qingdao; QHD: Qinhuangdao.
Figure 7. Specific growth rates (SGR) of Ulva prolifera in different regions at various temperatures.
Figure 8. Net buoyancy of Ulva prolifera in different areas under various light intensities.
Table 1. Sample information
Location Sample number Collection date Rudong RD-1, RD-2, RD-3, RD-4, RD-5, RD-6,
RD-7, RD-8, RD-9, RD-10May 21, 2019 Qingdao QD-1, QD-2, QD-3, QD-4, QD-5, QD-6,
QD-7, QD-8, QD-9, QD-10June 24, 2019 Qinhuangdao QHD-1, QHD-2, QHD-3, QHD-4,
QHD-5, QHD-6, QHD-7, QHD-8,
QHD-9, QHD-10July 18, 2019 
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Table 2. Genetic diversity in three Ulva prolifera populations
Population He Ho PIC Qinhuangdao range 0–0.54 0–0.89 0–0.47 average value 0.11 0.16 0.07 Qingdao range 0–0.50 0–1 0–0.38 average value 0.16 0.26 0.17 Rudong range 0–0.50 0–1 0–0.38 average value 0.14 0.21 0.15 Note: PIC is the abbreviation of polymorphism information content.
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