Upper ocean high resolution regional modeling of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal

Suneet Dwivedi; Alok Kumar Mishra; Atul Srivastava

doi:10.1007/s13131-019-1439-x

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Acta Oceanologica Sinica > 2019 > 38(5): 32-50

Suneet Dwivedi, Alok Kumar Mishra, Atul Srivastava. Upper ocean high resolution regional modeling of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2019, 38(5): 32-50. doi: 10.1007/s13131-019-1439-x

Citation:

Suneet Dwivedi, Alok Kumar Mishra, Atul Srivastava. Upper ocean high resolution regional modeling of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2019, 38(5): 32-50. doi: 10.1007/s13131-019-1439-x

Citation:

PDF( 5420 KB)

Upper ocean high resolution regional modeling of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal

doi: 10.1007/s13131-019-1439-x

K Banerjee Centre of Atmospheric and Ocean Studies and M N Saha Centre of Space Studies, University of Allahabad, Allahabad UP 211002, India

Received Date: 2017-12-06

Abstract

Abstract

In this paper, effort is made to demonstrate the quality of high-resolution regional ocean circulation model in realistically simulating the circulation and variability properties of the northern Indian Ocean (10°S-25°N, 45°-100°E) covering the Arabian Sea (AS) and Bay of Bengal (BoB). The model run using the open boundary conditions is carried out at 10 km horizontal resolution and highest vertical resolution of 2 m in the upper ocean. The surface and sub-surface structure of hydrographic variables (temperature and salinity) and currents is compared against the observations during 1998-2014 (17 years). In particular, the seasonal variability of the sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and surface currents over the model domain is studied. The high-resolution model's ability in correct estimation of the spatio-temporal mixed layer depth (MLD) variability of the AS and BoB is also shown. The lowest MLD values are observed during spring (March-April-May) and highest during winter (December-January-February) seasons. The maximum MLD in the AS (BoB) during December to February reaches 150 m (67 m). On the other hand, the minimum MLD in these regions during March-April-May becomes as low as 11-12 m. The influence of wind stress, net heat flux and freshwater flux on the seasonal variability of the MLD is discussed. The physical processes controlling the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature are investigated by carrying out mixed layer heat budget analysis. It is found that air-sea fluxes play a dominant role in the seasonal evolution of sea surface temperature of the northern Indian Ocean and the contribution of horizontal advection, vertical entrainment and diffusion processes is small. The upper ocean zonal and meridional volume transport across different sections in the AS and BoB is also computed. The seasonal variability of the transports is studied in the context of monsoonal currents.
- Indian Ocean modeling,
- Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal,
- mixed layer depth,
- transport

FullText(HTML)

References(78)

References

Achuthavarier D, Krishnamurthy V, Kirtman B P, et al. 2012. Role of the Indian Ocean in the ENSO-Indian summer monsoon teleconnection in the NCEP climate forecast system. Journal of Climate, 25(7):2490-2508, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00111.1

Agarwal N, Sharma R, Basu S K, et al. 2007. Evaluation of relative performance of QuikSCAT and NCEP re-analysis winds through simulations by an OGCM. Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers, 54(8):1311-1328, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.04.006

Akhil V P, Durand F, Lengaigne M, et al. 2014. A modeling study of the processes of surface salinity seasonal cycle in the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 119(6):3926-3947, doi: 10.1002/2013JC009632

Ali M M, Nagamani P V, Sharma N, et al. 2015. Relationship between ocean mean temperatures and Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Atmospheric Science Letters, 16(3):408-413, doi: 10.1002/asl2.576

Annamalai H, Murtugudde R. 2004. Role of the Indian Ocean in regional climate variability. In:Wang C, Xie S P, CartonJ A, eds. Earth's Climate:The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction. Washington, DC:AGU, 213-246

Annamalai H, Xie S P, McCreary J P, et al. 2005. Impact of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature on developing El Niño. Journal of Climate, 18(2):302-319, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-3268.1

Balmaseda M A, Mogensen K, Weaver A T. 2013. Evaluation of the ECMWF ocean reanalysis system ORAS4. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 139(674):1132-1161, doi: 10.1002/qj.v139.674

Bates N R, Pequignet A C, Sabine C L. 2006a. Ocean carbon cycling in the Indian Ocean:1. Spatiotemporal variability of inorganic carbon and air-sea CO₂ gas exchange. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20(3):GB3020, doi: 10.1029/2005GB002491

Bates N R, Pequignet A C, Sabine C L. 2006b. Ocean carbon cycling in the Indian Ocean:2. Estimates of net community production. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20(3):GB3021, doi: 10.1029/2005GB002492

Benshila R, Durand F, Masson S, et al. 2014. The upper Bay of Bengal salinity structure in a high-resolution model. Ocean Modelling, 74:36-52, doi: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.12.001

Bonjean F, Lagerloef G S E. 2002. Diagnostic model and analysis of the surface currents in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32(10):2938-2954, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<2938:DMAAOT>2.0.CO;2

Callaghan A H, Ward B, Vialard J. 2014. Influence of surface forcing on near-surface and mixing layer turbulence in the tropical Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers, 94:107-123, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2014.08.009

Chakraborty A, Sharma R, Kumar R, et al. 2014. An OGCM assessment of blended OSCAT winds. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 119(1):173-186, doi: 10.1002/2013JC009406

Chatterjee A, Shankar D, Shenoi S S C, et al. 2012. A new atlas of temperature and salinity for the North Indian Ocean. Journal of Earth System Science, 121(3):559-593, doi: 10.1007/s12040-012-0191-9

Cheng Xuhua, Xie Shangping, McCreary J P, et al. 2013. Intraseasonal variability of sea surface height in the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 118(2):816-830, doi: 10.1002/jgrc.20075

Diansky N A, Zalesny V B, Moshonkin S N, et al. 2006. High resolution modeling of the monsoon circulation in the Indian Ocean. Oceanology, 46(5):608-628, doi: 10.1134/S000143700605002X

de Boyer Montégut C, Durand F, Bourdallé-Badie R, et al. 2014. Role of fronts in the formation of Arabian Sea barrier layers during summer monsoon. Ocean Dynamics, 64(6):809-822, doi: 10.1007/s10236-014-0716-7

de Boyer Montégut C, Vialard J, Shenoi S S C, et al. 2007. Simulated seasonal and interannual variability of the mixed layer heat budget in the northern Indian Ocean. Journal of Climate, 20(13):3249-3268, doi: 10.1175/JCLI4148.1

Dube S K, Luther M E, O'Brien J J. 1990. Relationships between interannual variability in the Arabian Sea and Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 44(1-4):153-165, doi: 10.1007/BF01026816

Durand F, Papa F, Rahman A, et al. 2011. Impact of Ganges-Brahmaputra interannual discharge variations on bay of Bengal salinity and temperature during 1992-1999 period. Journal of Earth System Science, 120(5):859-872, doi: 10.1007/s12040-011-0118-x

Durand F, Shankar D, de Boyer Montégut C, et al. 2007. Modeling the barrier-layer formation in the Southeastern Arabian Sea. Journal of Climate, 20(10):2109-2120, doi: 10.1175/JCLI4112.1

Foltz G R, Grodsky S A, Carton J A, et al. 2003. Seasonal mixed layer heat budget of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(C5):3146, doi: 10.1029/2002JC001584

George M S, Bertino L, Johannessen O M, et al. 2010. Validation of a hybrid coordinate ocean model for the Indian Ocean. Journal of Operational Oceanography, 3(5):25-38

Gutzler D S, Harrison D E. 1987. The structure and evolution of seasonal wind anomalies over the near-equatorial eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans. Monthly Weather Review, 115(1):169-192, doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<0169:TSAEOS>2.0.CO;2

Han Weiqing, McCreary Jr J P, Kohler K E. 2001. Influence of precipitation minus evaporation and bay of Bengal rivers on dynamics, thermodynamics, and mixed layer physics in the upper Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 106(C4):6895-6916, doi: 10.1029/2000JC000403

Holte J, Gilson J, Talley L D, et al. 2016. Argo mixed layers. San Diego:Scripps Institution of Oceanography/UCSD, http://mixedlayer.ucsd.edu[2016–11–27]

Holte J, Talley L. 2009. A new algorithm for finding mixed layer depths with applications to Argo data and Subantarctic Mode Water formation. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 26(9):1920-1939,

Huang Boyin, Xue Yan, Wang Hui, et al. 2012. Mixed layer heat budget of the El Niño in NCEP climate forecast system. Climate Dynamics, 39(1-2):365-381, doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-1111-4

Huang Boyin, Xue Yan, Zhang Dongxiao, et al. 2010. The NCEP GODAS ocean analysis of the tropical pacific mixed layer heat budget on seasonal to interannual time scales. Journal of Climate, 23(18):4901-4925, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3373.1

Huang Ke, Derada S, Xue Huijie, et al. 2015. A 1/8° coupled biochemical-physical Indian Ocean regional model:physical results and validation. Ocean Dynamics, 65(8):1121-1142, doi: 10.1007/s10236-015-0860-8

Jackett D R, McDougall T J. 1995. Minimal adjustment of hydrographic profiles to achieve static stability. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 12(2):381-389, doi: 10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012<0381:MAOHPT>2.0.CO;2

Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, et al. 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77:437-471, doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2

Kantha L, Rojsiraphisal T, Lopez J. 2008. The North Indian Ocean circulation and its variability as seen in a numerical hindcast of the years 1993-2004. Progress in Oceanography, 76(1):111-147, doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2007.05.006

Keerthi M G, Lengaigne M, Drushka K, et al. 2016. Intraseasonal variability of mixed layer depth in the tropical Indian Ocean. Climate Dynamics, 46(7-8):2633-2655, doi: 10.1007/s00382-015-2721-z

Keerthi M G, Lengaigne M, Vialard J, et al. 2013. Interannual variability of the tropical Indian Ocean mixed layer depth. Climate Dynamics, 40(3-4):743-759, doi: 10.1007/s00382-012-1295-2

Krishnamurthy V, Kirtman B P. 2003. Variability of the Indian Ocean:relation to monsoon and ENSO. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 129(590):1623-1646, doi: 10.1256/qj.01.166

Large W G, McWilliams J C, Doney S C. 1994. Oceanic vertical mixing:a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Reviews of Geophysics, 32(4):363-403, doi: 10.1029/94RG01872

Large W G, Pond S. 1982. Sensible and latent heat flux measurements over the ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 12(5):464-482, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1982)012<0464:SALHFM>2.0.CO;2

Li Yuanlong, Han Weiqing, Lee T. 2015. Intraseasonal sea surface salinity variability in the equatorial Indo-Pacific Ocean induced by Madden-Julian oscillations. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 120(3):2233-2258, doi: 10.1002/2014JC010647

Liu Zhengyu, Alexander M. 2007. Atmospheric bridge, oceanic tunnel, and global climatic teleconnections. Reviews of Geophysics, 45(2):RG2005, doi: 10.1029/2005RG000172

Lorbacher K, Dommenget D, Niiler P P, et al. 2006. Ocean mixed layer depth:a subsurface proxy of ocean-atmosphere variability. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 111(C7):C07010, doi: 10.1029/2003JC002157

Marshall J, Adcroft A, Hill C, et al. 1997. A finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 102(C3):5753-5766, doi: 10.1029/96JC02775

Masumoto Y, Morioka Y, Sasaki H. 2008. High-resolution Indian Ocean simulations-Recent Advances and Issues from OFES. In:Hecht M W, Hasumi H, eds. Ocean Modeling in an Eddying Regime. Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,

Moisan J R, Niiler P P. 1998. The seasonal heat budget of the North Pacific:net heat flux and heat storage rates (1950-1990). Journal of Physical Oceanography, 28(3):401-421, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<0401:TSHBOT>2.0.CO;2

Momin I M, Mitra A K, Mahapatra D K, et al. 2014. Impact of model resolutions on Indian Ocean simulations from Global NEMO Ocean Model. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Science, 43(9):1667-1674

Narvekar J, Prasanna Kumar S. 2006. Seasonal variability of the mixed layer in the central Bay of Bengal and associated changes in nutrients and chlorophyll. Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers, 53(5):820-835, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2006.01.012

Neetu S, Lengaigne M, Vincent E M, et al. 2012. Influence of upper-ocean stratification on tropical cyclone-induced surface cooling in the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 117(C12):C12020, doi: 10.1029/2012JC008433

Prasad T G. 2004. A comparison of mixed-layer dynamics between the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal:one-dimensional model results. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 109(C3):C03035, doi: 10.1029/2003JC002000

Prasanna Kumar S, Narvekar J. 2005. Seasonal variability of the mixed layer in the central Arabian Sea and its implication on nutrients and primary productivity. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ:Topical Studies in Oceanography, 52(14-15):1848-1861, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.06.002

Rao R R, Sivakumar R. 2003. Seasonal variability of sea surface salinity and salt budget of the mixed layer of the North Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 108(C1):9-1-9-14, doi: 10.1029/2001JC000907

Roxy M K, Ritika K, Terray P, et al. 2015. Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient. Nature Communications, 6:7423, doi: 10.1038/ncomms8423

Schiller A, Godfrey J S. 2003. Indian Ocean intraseasonal variability in an ocean general circulation model. Journal of Climate, 16(1):21-39, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0021:IOIVIA>2.0.CO;2

Schott F A, McCreary Jr J P. 2001. The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 51(1):1-123, doi: 10.1016/S0079-6611(01)00083-0

Schott F A, Xie Shangping, McCreary Jr J P. 2009. Indian Ocean circulation and climate variability. Reviews of Geophysics, 47(1):RG1002, doi: 10.1029/2007RG000245

Sengupta D, Bharath Raj G N, Shenoi S S C. 2006. Surface freshwater from Bay of Bengal runoff and Indonesian throughflow in the tropical Indian Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(22):L22609, doi: 10.1029/2006GL027573

Shankar D, Vinayachandran P N, Unnikrishnan A S. 2002. The monsoon currents in the north Indian Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 52(1):63-120, doi: 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00024-1

Sharma R, Agarwal N, Basu S, et al. 2007. Impact of satellite-derived forcings on numerical ocean model simulations and study of sea surface salinity variations in the Indian Ocean. Journal of Climate, 20(5):871-890, doi: 10.1175/JCLI4032.1

Sharma R, Agarwal N, Momin I M, et al. 2010. Simulated sea surface salinity variability in the tropical Indian Ocean. Journal of Climate, 23(24):6542-6554, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3721.1

Sharma R, Mankad B, Agarwal N, et al. 2012. An assessment of two different satellite-derived precipitation products in relation to simulation of sea surface salinity in the tropical Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117(C7):C07001, doi: 10.1029/2012JC008078

Shenoi S S C, Saji P K, Almeida A M. 1999. Near-surface circulation and kinetic energy in the tropical Indian Ocean derived from Lagrangian drifters. Journal of Marine Research, 57(6):885-907, doi: 10.1357/002224099321514088

Smith W H F, Sandwell D T. 1997. Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science, 277(5334):1956-1962, doi: 10.1126/science.277.5334.1956

Song Qian, Vecchi G A, Rosati A J. 2007. Indian Ocean variability in the GFDL coupled climate model. Journal of Climate, 20(13):2895-2916, doi: 10.1175/JCLI4159.1

Stevenson J W, Niiler P P. 1983. Upper ocean heat budget during the Hawaii-to-Tahiti shuttle experiment. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 13(10):1894-1907, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1983)013<1894:UOHBDT>2.0.CO;2

Subrahmanyam B, Murty V S N, Sharp R J, et al. 2005. Air-sea coupling during the tropical cyclones in the Indian Ocean:a case study using satellite observations. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 162(8-9):1643-1672, doi: 10.1007/s00024-005-2687-6

Thadathil P, Gopalakrishna V V, Muraleedharan P M, et al. 2002. Surface layer temperature inversion in the Bay of Bengal. Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers, 49(10):1801-1818, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00044-4

Thangaprakash V P, Suprit K, Kumar N S, et al. 2016. What controls seasonal evolution of sea surface temperature in the Bay of Bengal? Mixed layer heat budget analysis using moored buoy observations along 90°E. Oceanography, 29(2):202-213, doi: 10.5670/oceanog

Thompson B, Gnanaseelan C, Parekh A, et al. 2008. North Indian Ocean warming and sea level rise in an OGCM. Journal of Earth System Science, 117(2):169-178, doi: 10.1007/s12040-008-0007-0

Thompson B, Gnanaseelan C, Salvekar P S. 2006. Variability in the Indian Ocean circulation and salinity and its impact on SST anomalies during dipole events. Journal of Marine Research, 64(6):853-880, doi: 10.1357/002224006779698350

Thomson R E, Fine I V. 2003. Estimating mixed layer depth from oceanic profile data. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 20(2):319-329, doi: 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0319:EMLDFO>2.0.CO;2

Vecchi G A, Harrison D E. 2004. Interannual Indian rainfall variability and Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies. In:Wang C, Xie S P, Carton J A, eds. Earth's Climate:The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction. Washington, DC:AGU, 247–260

Vinayachandran P N, Jahfer S, Nanjundiah R S. 2015. Impact of river runoff into the ocean on Indian summer monsoon. Environmental Research Letters, 10(5):054008, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/10/5/054008

Vinayachandran P N, Kurian J. 2007. Hydrographic observations and model simulation of the Bay of Bengal freshwater plume. Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers, 54(4):471-486, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.01.007

Vinayachandran P N, Shetye S R, Sengupta D, et al. 1996. Forcing mechanisms of the Bay of Bengal circulations. Current Science, 71:753-763

Wajsowicz R. 2002. Air-sea interaction over the Indian Ocean due to variations in the Indonesian throughflow. Climate Dynamics, 18(5):437-453, doi: 10.1007/s00382-001-0187-7

Wang Yu, Liu Peng, Li Tianyi, et al. 2011. Climatologic comparison of HadISST1 and TMI sea surface temperature datasets. Science China Earth Sciences, 54(8):1238-1247, doi: 10.1007/s11430-011-4214-1

Wentz F J, Gentemann C, Hilburn K A. 2015. Remote sensing systems TRMM TMI[indicate whether you used Daily, 3-Day, Weekly, or Monthly] Environmental Suite on 0.25 deg grid. Santa Rosa, CA:Remote Sensing Systems, www.remss.com/missions/tmi

Wu Renguang, Kirtman B P. 2004. Impacts of the Indian Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon-ENSO relationship. Journal of Climate, 17(15):3037-3054, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3037:IOTIOO>2.0.CO;2

Wu Lingjuan, Wang Fan, Yuan Dongliang, et al. 2007. Evolution of freshwater plumes and salinity fronts in the northern Bay of Bengal. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 112(C8):C08017, doi: 10.1029/2005JC003308

Relative Articles

Supplements(0)

Cited By

Proportional views