State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
2.
Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Helsinki Fin-00931, Finland
3.
State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China;National Marine Environment Forecast Center, Beijing 100081, China
4.
National Marine Environment Forecast Center, Beijing 100081, China
Radiative fluxes are of primary importance in the energy and mass balance of the sea-ice cover.Various parameterizations of the radiative fluxes are studied in a thermodynamic sea-ice model.Model outputs of the surface radiative and heat fluxes and mass balance are compared with observations.The contribution of short-wave radiation is limited to a long part of winter.Therefore,simple schemes are often sufficient.Errors in estimations of the short-wave radiation are due mainly to cloud effects and occasionally to multi-reflection between surface and ice crystals in the air.The long-wave radiation plays an important role in the ice surface heat and mass balance during most part of a winter.The effect of clouds on the accuracy of the simple radiative schemes is critical,which needs further attention.In general,the accuracy of an ice model depends on that of the radiative fluxes.
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