Photoinduced toxicity single and binary mixtures of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum

Diatom Skeletonema costatum Cleve is one of the main predominant phytoplankton species in the Changjiang Estuary in China.In order to provide some basic information for future assessment of the potential risk on phytoplankton communities in this estuary caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),this alga was selected as a representative to investigate the photoinduced toxicity of PAHs,in single and mixture.Four PAHs including three-ring phenanthrene and anthracene,four-ring fluoranthene and pyrene were tested in the laboratory.The single toxicity of each PAH on this microalga was compared with and without the simulated solar UV radiation.The results showed that this microalga was sensitive to PAH's photoinduced toxicity.Ratios of the 72 h median effect concentration obtained for fluorescent and UV light tests were about 8.4 for phenanthrene,13.0 for anthracene,6.5 for fluoranthene,and 5.7 for pyrene,indicating that UV light enhanced the PAH toxicity to this alga significantly.Under the fluorescent radiation(lacking UV),the dose-response curves based on chemical concentrations revealed that the order of toxic strength was fluoranthene greater than pyrene greater than anthracene greater than phenanthrene; while under the UV radiation(476 μW/cm² for UVA,6.5 μW/cm² for UVB) it became fluoranthene approximately equaling anthracene greater than pyrene greater than phenanthrene,indicating that the UV light also changed its relative toxicity to this alga.The photoinduced toxicity of PAHs to the marine diatom S.costatum might be a synergistic effect of photosensitization reactions(e.g.,generation of single-state oxygen) and photomodification(photooxidation and/or photolysis).The combined effects of six binary mixtures on the marine diatom S.costatum were investigated using the additive-index method.Four binary-mixtures(phenanthrene plus anthracene; phenanthrene plus pyrene; anthracene plus fluoranthene; anthracene plus pyrene) were found to be synergistic joint action mode,while two binary-mixtures(phenanthrene plus fluoranthene; fluoranthene plus pyrene) displayed antagonist,revealing a complex pattern of possible interactions.The combined action mode of PAHs might be related to various factors such as the mixture compounds,mixture ratios and test conditions,etc.