Pulleniatina obliquiloculata shells from 16 core-top samples from the tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans are analyzed for the ratios of boron and cadmium to calcium (B/Ca and Cd/Ca). The B/Ca ratios show a very weak positive relationship with[B(OH)₄^-] and the dissolved carbonate species at the apparent calcification depth of P. obliquiloculata. The boron partition coefficients (K_D) between P. obliquiloculata B/Ca and seawater[B(OH)₄^-]/[HCO₃^-] distribute around 1.1×10^-3-1.3×10^-3 with a mean value of (1.19±0.12)×10^-3, and are significantly related to the nutrient concentration, especially phosphate. The lack of any clear correlation between the P. obliquiloculata B/Ca and seawater carbonate chemical parameters suggests that the physiochemical controls on boron incorporation are masked by the complexity of natural seawater condition. But the significant dependence of K_D on nutrient may likely be explained by a nutrient related growth-rate effect. Cd/Ca of P. obliquiloculata shows significant correlation with seawater phosphate concentration, and its partition coefficients (D_Cd) are significantly related to temperature. A first-principle methodology of P. obliquiloculata B/Ca is applied, with the aid of Cd/Ca as a phosphate proxy and a constraint on K_D, to estimating sea water carbonate chemistry (e.g., pH). The results are fairly promising and allow us to propose the possibility to apply the combination of B/Ca and Cd/Ca proxies (and also Mg/Ca and δ¹⁸O for estimating temperature and salinity) for the paleo-reconstruction of seawater carbonate chemistry.

Sea surface temperature (SST) proxies including B/Ca, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, U/Ca and δ¹⁸O were analyzed in the skeleton of a Porites coral collected from the Zhujiang River (Pearl River) Estuary (ZRE). These geochemical proxies are influenced by river runoff and this area of the northern South China Sea is strongly affected by seasonal freshwater floods. We assessed the robustness of each SST proxy through comparison with the local instrumental SST. Coral Sr/Ca shows the highest correlation with SST variations (r²=0.59), suggesting Sr/Ca is the most robust SST proxy. In contrast, coral δ¹⁸O (r²=0.46), B/Ca (r²=0.43) and U/Ca (r²=0.41) ratios were only moderately correlated with SST variations, suggesting that they are disturbed by some other factors in addition to SST. The poor correlation (r²=0.27) between SST and Mg/Ca indicates that Mg/Ca in coral skeletons is not a simple function of SST variations. This may ultimately limit the use of Mg/Ca as a coral paleothermometer.

The B/Ca ratio of planktonic foraminifer shells has been used as a proxy for reconstructing past ocean carbonate chemistry. However, recent studies have revealed significant uncertainties associated with this proxy, such as whether seawater temperature or[CO₃^2-] is the dominant control on the partition coefficient (K_D) of planktonic foraminiferal B/Ca. To address these uncertainties and thus improve our understanding of the planktonic foraminiferal B/Ca proxy, we analysed B/Ca ratios in the tests of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (300-355 μm) and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata (355-400 μm) in surface sediment samples from the tropical western Pacific and South China Sea. The relationship between these B/Ca ratios and bottom water calcite saturation states (Δ[CO₃^2-]) is weak, thus suggesting only a small dissolution effect on the B/Ca of the two species. The correlation coefficients (R²) between the B/Ca ratios of N. dutertrei and P. obliquiloculata and environmental parameters (e.g., temperature, salinity, phosphate, DIC and ALK) in the tropical western Pacific and South China Sea are not high enough to justify using B/Ca ratios as a palaeoenvironmental proxy in the study areas. The significant correlation between K_D values of N. dutertrei and P. obliquiloculata and carbonate system parameters (e.g.,[CO₃^2-], DIC, ALK, pH and[${\rm {HCO}}_3^{-}$]) in the study area reflect chemical links between the K_D denominator and these variables. Based on our surface sediment calibration, an empirical relationship between the K_D of N. dutertrei and temperature is proposed in the tropical western Pacific. We also generated a record of B/Ca ratios in N. dutertrei (300-355 μm) from Core MD06-3052 in the tropical western Pacific over the past 24 ka to evaluate the application of the revised B/Ca proxy method. Based on the reconstructed empirical relationship for B/Ca and subsurface seawater ALK, we estimated subsurface seawater carbonate system parameters in the tropical western Pacific since 24 ka. In general, the estimated subsurface seawater pH and[CO₃^2-] show an increase with time, and the record of subsurface seawater pCO₂ shows a decrease with time, in the tropical western Pacific over the past 24 ka. The consistent trends in subsurface seawater pCO₂ and opal flux during deglaciation may imply that the reported increase in subsurface water pCO₂ in the study area was promoted by enhanced upwelling in the Southern Ocean.

The impact of several chemical poisons on the Arca granosa absorbing ⁴⁵Ca was studied. The results showed that the absorption of ⁴⁵Ca in the blood and the soft tissue by Arca granosa was inhibited by the inorganic compounds of Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, Hg and so on, among which the inhibition of Cd was the strongest, next was that of Cu and Hg. But the inhibition of the absorption of ⁴⁵Ca in the shell of Arca granosa was little. The impact of three kinds of energy metabolism inhibitory substances on the absorption of ⁴⁵Ca by the Arca granosa showed that the absorption was an active transfer process.

Planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber (white) and Trilobatus sacculifer are the most frequently used mixed-layer dwelling species for reconstructing past oceanic environments. Specifically, the Mg/Ca ratios of these two foraminiferal species have been used for reconstructing tropical/subtropical changes in sea surface temperature (SST). However, these two species have different morphotypes, of which the spatial and temporal differences in Mg/Ca ratios and their influencing factors are still unclear. Our objective is to investigate the potential differences between the Mg/Ca ratios of these different morphotypes of G. ruber (white) and T. sacculifer in the western Philippine Sea (WPS) and determine their implications for the reconstruction of SST and upper-ocean structure. Mg/Ca measurements are made on two basic morphotypes of G. ruber (white) [sensu stricto (s.s.) and sensu lato (s.l.)] and T. sacculifer [with (w) and without (w/o) a sac-like final chamber] on samples of Site MD06-3047B from the WPS. Our results reveal that Mg/Ca ratios of different G. ruber morphotypes show consistent differences; and those of T. sacculifer morphotypes show staged variations since MIS 3. It is suggested to select a single morphotype for reconstructing SST changes using the Mg/Ca ratios of G. ruber and T. sacculifer in the WPS. Furthermore, the Mg/Ca ratios between G. ruber s.s. and G. ruber s.l. [Δ(Mg/Ca)_{G.ruber s.s.−s.l.}] downcore MD06-3047B covaries with indexes of summer monsoon. Combining with the core-top results, showing regional variation of differences in the Δ(Mg/Ca)_{G.ruber s.s.−s.l.} over the western tropical Pacific, we propose that Δ(Mg/Ca)_{G.ruber s.s.−s.l.} may tend to reflect summer mixed layer depth.

Fertilized eggs of Penaerrs chinenris were treated with cytochalasin B (C.B) to induce triploid.A number of them were cultured to the stage of zoea larvae.The C.B concentrations employed were 0.1~2.5mg/dm³.The treatments started at 5-20 min after fertilisation and lasted for various periods of time from 10 to 40 min.The highest inducing rate was 62.5%.It was obvious that higher C.B concentration gave stronger inhibition on the release of polar bodies,and the higher the C.B concentration wes, the more abnormal and aneuploid embryos were obtained.The sucteas in inducing triploid in P.chnrruis provided a posibility of polyploid breeding of this species.

The effect of UV-B radiation enhancement at experimental doses of 0.00, 0.24, 0.48, 0.72, 0.96, and 1.20 kJ/m² on the population dynamics of the rotifer Brachionus urceus feeding on the alga Chlorella sp. was studied under controlled laboratory conditions using clonal culture and life-table techniques. The results show that UV-B radiation treatment significantly shortened the survival time of the rotifer (P <0.05):The longest survival time (336 h) occurred in the control (0.00 kJ/m²) while the shortest (222 h) occurred when exposed to the highest UV-B radiation treatment (1.20 kJ/m²). The fecundity of the rotifer B. urceus was enhanced by the lower UV-B radiation treatment (0.24 and 0.48 kJ/m²) but inhibited by the higher treatments (0.96 and 1.20 kJ/m²). Life expectancy also was obviously affected by UV-B radiation (P <0.05). The highest life expectancy occurred in the control (0.00 kJ/m²), and it became shorter with increasing doses of UV-B radiation. The resutls in the present study indicate that the life expectancy of the rotifer B. urceus can be used as an indicator for UV-B radiation enhancement.

Surface sediments can integrate a wide variety of information of seawater in marginal seas, e.g., the Quaternary sedimentary shelf such as the East China Sea (ECS) and Yellow Sea (YS). The Tessier and BCR sequential extraction procedures (SEPs) have been widely applied for extraction of various geochemical phases from sediments. To choose a suitable SEP for phase extraction of sediments from the above Quaternary sedimentary shelf, efficiency and selectivity experiments were conducted on typical individual minerals and the applicability of each SEP was assessed for natural sediments (the natural sediment standard GSD-9 and three surface sediment samples). The geochemical represented elements (Ca, Fe, Mn, Al, and Ti) were measured using both SEPs. Both SEPs have good dissolution efficiency and selectivity for the targeted geochemical phases; the optimized extractant volume for each fraction was determined. The Tessier SEP is particularly recommended for the study of adsorption-desorption process. The application of the Tessier SEP to surface sediments can furnish valuable information, including the productivity conditions (via the reducible fraction Mn) and sedimentary environments (via the carbonate fraction Ca). These results confirm that the Tessier SEP is suitable for elemental fractionation in sediments from the Chinese continental shelf.

Effect of UV-B radiation on the feeding behaviour of marine zooplankton is important to assessing the health harm of marine ecosystem due to the gradually enhanced UV-B radiation in air. However, there are a few studies on this topic. The feeding behavior of the rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, under the treatment of UV-B radiation on five species of microalgae, i.e., Chlorella sp., Tetraselmis chuii, Isochrysis galbana Park 8701, Chaetoceros muelleri Lermumerman, and Nitzschia clostertum, was studied. The results showed that the filtering and feeding rates of the rotifer decreased significantly with the dose increase of UV-B radiation when fed with five species of microalgae respectively (P<0.05) which indicates UV-B radiation inhibits the feeding activities of the rotifer on microalage. The mixed culture experiments shows the rotifer preferred to feed Chlorella sp., then C. muelleri,I. galbana, N. clostertum and T. chuii in turn if without UV-B radiation. Under the highest dose of UV-B radiation treatment (2.70 kJ/m²), the rotifer preferred to feed C. muelleri, then Chlorella sp., N. clostertum, I. galbana and T. chuii in turn. Chlorella sp., I. galbana and C. muelleri became the more favorite foods of the rotifer while T. chuii and N. clostertum became less favorite foods. The change of feeding rate and feeding selectivity of zooplankton driven by the enhanced UV-B radiation will lead to the change in the structure of phytoplankton community.

To dates, most ship detection approaches for single-pol synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery try to ensure a constant false-alarm rate (CFAR). A high performance ship detector relies on two key components:an accurate estimation to a sea surface distribution and a fine designed CFAR algorithm. First, a novel nonparametric sea surface distribution estimation method is developed based on n-order Bézier curve. To estimate the sea surface distribution using n-order Bézier curve, an explicit analytical solution is derived based on a least square optimization, and the optimal selection also is presented to two essential parameters, the order n of Bézier curve and the number m of sample points. Next, to validate the ship detection performance of the estimated sea surface distribution, the estimated sea surface distribution by n-order Bézier curve is combined with a cell averaging CFAR (CA-CFAR). To eliminate the possible interfering ship targets in background window, an improved automatic censoring method is applied. Comprehensive experiments prove that in terms of sea surface estimation performance, the proposed method is as good as a traditional nonparametric Parzen window kernel method, and in most cases, outperforms two widely used parametric methods, K and G⁰ models. In terms of computation speed, a major advantage of the proposed estimation method is the time consuming only depended on the number m of sample points while independent of imagery size, which makes it can achieve a significant speed improvement to the Parzen window kernel method, and in some cases, it is even faster than two parametric methods. In terms of ship detection performance, the experiments show that the ship detector which constructed by the proposed sea surface distribution model and the given CA-CFAR algorithm has wide adaptability to different SAR sensors, resolutions and sea surface homogeneities and obtains a leading performance on the test dataset.