Understanding the ocean's role in the global carbon cycle and its response to environmental change requires a high spatio-temporal resolution of observation. Merging ocean color data from multiple sources is an effective way to alleviate the limitation of individual ocean color sensors (e.g., swath width and gaps, cloudy or rainy weather, and sun glint) and to improve the temporal and spatial coverage. Since the missions of Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) and Medium-spectral Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) ended on December 11, 2010 and May 9, 2012, respectively, the number of available ocean color sensors has declined, reducing the benefits of the merged ocean color data with respect to the spatial and temporal coverage. In present work, Medium Resolution Spectral Imager (MERSI)/FY-3 of China is added in merged processing and a new dataset of global ocean chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration (2000-2015) is generated from the remote sensing reflectance (Rrs (λ)) observations of MERIS, Moderate-resolution imaging spectra-radiometer (MODIS)-AQUA, Visible infrared Imaging Radiometer (VⅡRS) and MERSI. These data resources are first merged into unified remote sensing reflectance data, and then Chl a concentration data are inversed using the combined Chl a algorithm of color index-based algorithm (CIA) and OC3. The merged data products show major improvements in spatial and temporal coverage from the addition of MERSI. The average daily coverage of merged products is approximately 24% of the global ocean and increases by approximately 9% when MERSI data are added in the merging process. Sampling frequency (temporal coverage) is greatly improved by combining MERSI data, with the median sampling frequency increasing from 15.6% (57 d/a) to 29.9% (109 d/a). The merged Chl a products herein were validated by in situ measurements and comparing them with the merged products using the same approach except for omitting MERSI and GlobColour and MEaSUREs merged data. Correlation and relative error between the new merged Chl a products and in situ observation are stable relative to the results of the merged products without the addition of MERSI. Time series of the Chl a concentration anomalies are similar to the merged products without adding MERSI and single sensors. The new merged products agree within approximately 10% of the merged Chl a product from GlobColour and MEaSUREs.

The major and trace elements in 110 surface sediment samples collected from the middle of the Bay of Bengal (mid-Bay of Bengal) are analyzed to investigate provenance. Si levels are highest, followed by Al, and the distributions of these two elements are identical. The average CIA^* (chemical index of alteration) value is 72.07, indicating that the degree of weathering of the sediments in the study area is intermediate between those of sediments of the Himalayan and Indian rivers. Factor analyses and discrimination function analyses imply that the two main provenances are the Himalayan and the Indian continent. The inverse model calculation of the Ti-normalized element ratios of the Bay of Bengal sediments indicate an estimated average contribution of 83.5% and 16.5% from the Himalayan and peninsular Indian rivers to the study area, respectively. The Himalayan source contributes more sediment to the eastern part of the study area, whereas the western part receives more sediment from the Indian Peninsula than did the eastern part. The primary mechanisms for deposition of sediments in the study area are the transport of Himalayan matter by turbidity currents and river-diluted water and the transport of Indian matter to the study area by a surface circulation in the Bay of Bengal, particularly the East India Coastal Current.

The erosion of Shandong sandy coast has become more serious since the end of the 1970s.By now nearly 80% of sandy coast was eroded.Studies of many years have revealed that the recent erosive velocity is 2-3 m/a.A series of human factors have played a decisive rold for the recent aggravated Erosion of Shandong sandy coast.The methods and ways of their action include reducing discharge flux into the ocean by building dams across the rivers and digging sand, etc.to break the energy balance of coastal material and building improper projects on coastline.

The relationship between the forming of fishing ground and the oceanic spatio-temporal field is nonlinear. In order to analyse the relationship between variables with spatio-temporal structures,a spatio-temporal pattern extracting model is provided to find the reason for the forming of fishing ground. In the model, the spatio-temporal structure of the oceanic factors is expressed as neighbour.The elements in the neighbour are filled in the table of decision-making system. After a recursion processing the spatio-temporal rule will be extracted with the spatio-temporal structure. And a experiment is given to show how to find the temperature pattern for the forming of the fishing grounds in Dasha area.It shows that the model is active and it should be the research front for the marine fishery.

In order to evaluate the involvement of the thyroid gland in reproduction,thyroid functioning was described in female cultivated Japanese eel(Anguilla japonica) in progressive stages of sexual maturation induced by chum salmon pituitary homogenate(SPH) treatment.Serum thyroid hormones,thyroxine(T₄) and triiodothyronine(T₃) were also measured in each stage.Thyroid gland activity(epithelial cell height) was high before SPH injection(previtellogenic stage),further increasing at the early vitellogenic stage,thereafter decreasing to late vitellogenic and migratory nucleus stages.The profiles of both T₃ and T₄ changed during vitellogenesis,being high during previtellogenic and early vitellogenic stages,and subsequently declining,thus mimicking thyroid gland activity.These results suggest that the thyroid has relation with eel ovarian development during artificial maturation.

To study how the air and sea interact with each other during El Niño/La Ninña onsets,extended associate pattern analysis(EAPA) is adopted with the simple ocean data assimilation(SODA) data.The results show that as El Niño/La Ninña's parents their behaviors are quite different,there does not exist a relatively independent tropical atmosphere but does exist a relatively independent tropical Pacific Ocean because the air is heated from the bottom surface instead of the top surface and of much stronger baroclinic instability than the sea and has a very large inter-tropical convergence zone covering the most tropical Pacific Ocean.The idea that it is the wester burst and wind convergence,coming from middle latitudes directly that produce the seawater eastward movement and meridional convergence in the upper levels and result in the typical El Niño sea surface temperature warm signal is confirmed again.

The contents of total copper,total dissolved copper,particulate copper,and free ion copper in the Zhujiang River Estuary were investigated in July 2002 and January 2003 respectively,and the spatial distribution trend of these species of copper were compared in two cruises.It was found that,in summer,the total copper content in the Zhujiang River Estuary increased with salinity,while the content of free ion copper decreased with salinity.However,in winter,the contents of total copper and free ion copper both decreased with salinity.So,it could be concluded that,copper content and speciation in the Zhujiang River Estuary were regulated by other factors than runoffdiffusion such as upwelling current.In order to prove the spatial trend of free ion copper content in the Zhujiang River Estuary,the cultivation of Dunaliella tertiolecta in waters obtained from sampling stations with different salinities was carried out,and the copper uptake by algae cells was measured then.It was found that,the cells' uptake of copper increased with free ion copper,not the content of total copper.

A previous study (Song.2004.Geophys Res Lett,31(15):L15302) of the second-order solutions for random interfacial waves is extended in a constant depth,two-layer fluid system with a rigid lid is extended into a more general case of two-layer fluid with a top free surface.The rigid boundary condition on the upper surface is replaced by the kinematical and dynamical boundary conditions of a free surface,and the equations describing the random displacements of free surface,density-interface and the associated velocity potentials in the two-layer fluid are solved to the second order using the same expansion technology as that of Song (2004.Geophys Res Lett,31 (15):L15302).The results show that the interface and the surface will oscillate synchronously,and the wave fields to the first-order both at the free surface and at the density-interface are made up of a linear superposition of many waves with different amplitudes,wave numbers and frequencies.The second-order solutions describe the second-order wave-wave interactions of the surface wave components,the interface wave components and among the surface and the interface wave components.The extended solutions also include special cases obtained by Thorpe for progressive interfacial waves (Thorpe.1968a.Trans R Soc London,263A:563~614) and standing interfacial waves (Thorpe.1968b.J Fluid Mech,32:489~528) for the two-layer fluid with a top free surface.Moreover,the solutions reduce to those derived for random surface waves by Sharma and Dean (1979.Ocean Engineering Rep 20) ifthe density of the upper layer is much smaller than that of the lower layer.

Adhesion of Vibrio alginolyticus to the gill mucus of Pseudosciaena crocea has been investigated using[methyl-³H] thymidine as isotope tracer.The results showed that:the adhesive quantity of V.alginolyticus increased with bacterial concentrations and reached equilibrium after incubated for 180 min; the higher adhesive quantity was obtained at 15~30℃ and sourish conditions; adhesion of V.alginolyticus could not achieved without Na⁺,and Ca²⁺ played an auxiliary role in the bacterial adhesion; adhesion of V.alginolyticus was inhibited remarkably by starvation,heat treatment and periodic acid treatment; all of the eight kinds of carbohydrates investigated enhanced the adhesion of V.alginolyticus to the gill mucus of P.crocea,among them,glucose,mannose,fructose and maltose showed the specially enhanced adhesion.The results indicated that V.alginolyticus could adhere to the gill mucus of P.crocea facilely in seawater,and this bacterial adhesion was influenced by environmental factors and closely related to superficial carbohydrate structures and some heat-sensitive structures.