Citation: | Shanshan Pang, Xidong Wang, Gregory R. Foltz, Kaigui Fan. Contribution of the winter salinity barrier layer to summer ocean-atmosphere variability in the Bay of Bengal[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2024, 43(9): 35-53. doi: 10.1007/s13131-024-2360-5 |
Akhil V P, Durand F, Lengaigne M, et al. 2014. A modeling study of the processes of surface salinity seasonal cycle in the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119: 3926–3947, doi: 10.1002/2013jc009632
|
Anderson S P, Weller R A, Lukas R B. 1996. Surface buoyancy forcing and the mixed layer of the western Pacific warm pool: Observations and 1D model results. Journal of Climate, 9: 3056–3085, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<3056:Sbfatm>2.0.Co;2
|
Ando K, McPhaden M J. 1997. Variability of surface layer hydrography in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 102: 23063–23078, doi: 10.1029/97jc01443
|
Ashok K, Guan Zhaoyong, Saji N H, et al. 2004. Individual and combined influences of ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole on the Indian summer monsoon. Journal of Climate, 17: 3141–3155, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3141:Iacioe>2.0.Co;2
|
Ashok K, Guan Zhaoyong, Yamagata T. 2001. Impact of the Indian Ocean dipole on the relationship between the Indian monsoon rainfall and ENSO. Geophysical Research Letters, 28: 4499–4502, doi: 10.1029/2001gl013294
|
Asoka A, Gleeson T, Wada Y, et al. 2017. Relative contribution of monsoon precipitation and pumping to changes in groundwater storage in India. Nature Geoscience, 10: 109, doi: 10.1038/ngeo2869
|
Bjerknes J. 1969. Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial pacific. Monthly Weather Review, 97(3): 163–172. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1969)097<0163:ATFTEP>2.3.CO;2
|
Balaguru K, Chang Ping, Saravanan R, et al. 2012. Ocean barrier layers’ effect on tropical cyclone intensification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109: 14343–14347, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1201364109
|
Barnett T P, Adam J C, Lettenmaier D P. 2005. Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature, 438: 303–309, doi: 10.1038/nature04141
|
Breugem W P, Chang Ping, Jang C J, et al. 2008. Barrier layers and tropical Atlantic SST biases in coupled GCMs. Tellus Series A-Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 60: 885–897, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00343.x
|
Cai Wenju, Pan Aijun, Roemmich D, et al. 2009. Argo profiles a rare occurrence of three consecutive positive Indian Ocean Dipole events, 2006-2008. Geophysical Research Letters, 36: L08701, doi: 10.1029/2008gl037038
|
Chakravorty S, Gnanaseelan C, Pillai P A. 2016. Combined influence of remote and local SST forcing on Indian summer monsoon rainfall variability. Climate Dynamics, 47: 2817–2831, doi: 10.1007/s00382-016-2999-5
|
Cherchi A, Navarra A. 2012. Influence of ENSO and of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the Indian summer monsoon variability. Climate Dynamics, 41: 81–103, doi: 10.1007/s00382-012-1602-y
|
Chou C. 2003. Land-sea heating contrast in an idealized Asian summer monsoon. Climate Dynamics, 21: 11–25, doi: 10.1007/s00382-003-0315-7
|
de Boyer Montégut C, Mignot J, Lazar A, et al. 2007. Control of salinity on the mixed layer depth in the world ocean: 1. General description. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 112. doi: 10.1029/2006jc003953
|
De U S, Dube R K, Prakasa Rao G S. 2005. Extreme weather events over India in the last 100 years. Journal of Indian Geophysical Union, 9: 173–187
|
Deser C, Alexander M A, Xie Shangping, et al. 2010. Sea surface temperature variability: Patterns and mechanisms. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2: 115–143, doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120408-151453
|
Dewar W K. 2001. Density coordinate mixed layer models. Monthly Weather Review, 129(2): 237–253, doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0237:DCMLM>2.0.CO;2
|
Ding Yihui, Chan J C. 2005. The East Asian summer monsoon: An overview. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 89: 117–142, doi: 10.1007/s00703-005-0125-z
|
Drushka K, Sprintall J, Gille S T. 2014. Subseasonal variations in salinity and barrier-layer thickness in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119: 805–823, doi: 10.1002/2013jc009422
|
Foltz G R, McPhaden M J. 2009. Impact of barrier layer thickness on SST in the central tropical North Atlantic. Journal of Climate, 22: 285–299, doi: 10.1175/2008jcli2308.1
|
Francis P A, Gadgil S. 2010. Towards understanding the unusual Indian monsoon in 2009. Journal of Earth System Science, 119: 397–415, doi: 10.1007/s12040-010-0033-6
|
Gadgil S. 2003. The Indian monsoon and its variability. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 31: 429–467, doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141251
|
Gadgil S, Gadgil S. 2006. The Indian monsoon, GDP and agriculture. Economic and Political Weekly, 4887–4895. doi: 10.2307/4418949
|
Gadgil S, Joshi N V, Joseph P V. 1984. Ocean-atmosphere coupling over monsoon regions. Nature, 312: 141–143, doi: 10.1038/312141a0
|
Girishkumar M S, Ravichandran M, McPhaden M J. 2013. Temperature inversions and their influence on the mixed layer heat budget during the winters of 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 in the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118: 2426–2437, doi: 10.1002/jgrc.20192
|
Girishkumar M S, Ravichandran M, McPhaden M J, et al. 2011. Intraseasonal variability in barrier layer thickness in the south central Bay of Bengal. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 116: C03009, doi: 10.1029/2010JC006657
|
Goswami B N. 2005. South Asian Monsoon. Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Press
|
Goswami B N, Xavier P K. 2005. ENSO control on the south Asian monsoon through the length of the rainy season. Geophysical Research Letters, 32: L18717, doi: 10.1029/2005gl023216
|
Goswami B N, Chakravorty S. 2017. Dynamics of the Indian summer monsoon climate. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.613
|
Graham N, Barnett T. 1987. Sea surface temperature, surface wind divergence, and convection over tropical oceans. Science, 238: 657, doi: 10.1126/science.238.4827.657
|
Han Weiqing, McCreary J P, Kohler K E. 2001. Influence of precipitation minus evaporation and Bay of Bengal rivers on dynamics, thermodynamics, and mixed layer physics in the upper Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 106: 6895–6916, doi: 10.1029/2000jc000403
|
Harenduprakash L, Mitra A K. 1988. Vertical turbulenet mass flux below the sea surface and air-sea interaction: Monsoon region of the Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers, 35: 333–346, doi: 10.1016/0198-0149(88)90014-3
|
Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, et al. 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77: 437–471, doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2
|
Kamae Y, Watanabe M, Kimoto M, et al. 2014. Summertime land–sea thermal contrast and atmospheric circulation over East Asia in a warming climate—Part II: Importance of CO2-induced continental warming. Climate Dynamics, 43: 2569–2583, doi: 10.1007/s00382-014-2146-0
|
Kothawale D R, Rajeevan M. 1995. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall time series for all-India, homogeneous regions and meteorological subdivisions: 1871–2016. Research Report No. RR-138. Pune, India: Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
|
Kraus E B. 1972. Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, 275
|
Kraus E B, Turner J S. 1967. A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline II: The general theory and its consequences. Tellus, 19: 98–106, doi: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01462.x
|
Krishnamurthy V, Goswami B N. 2000. Indian monsoon-ENSO relationship on interdecadal timescale. Journal of Climate, 13: 579–595, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0579:Imeroi>2.0.Co;2
|
Krishnamurthy L, Krishnamurthy V. 2013. Influence of PDO on South Asian summer monsoon and monsoon-ENSO relation. Climate Dynamics, 42: 2397–2410, doi: 10.1007/s00382-013-1856-z
|
Krishnan R, Sugi M. 2003. Pacific decadal oscillation and variability of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Climate Dynamics, 21: 233–242, doi: 10.1007/s00382-003-0330-8
|
Li Chengfeng, Yanai M. 1996. The onset and interannual variability of the Asian summer monsoon in relation to land sea thermal contrast. Journal of Climate, 9: 358–375, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<0358:Toaivo>2.0.Co;2
|
Li Zhangqun, Xiao Ziniu. 2021. Thermal contrast between the Tibetan Plateau and tropical Indian Ocean and its relationship to the South Asian summer monsoon. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 14: 100002, doi: 10.1016/j.aosl.2020.100002
|
Liao Huaxia, Wang Chunzai. 2021. Sea surface temperature anomalies in the western Indian Ocean as a trigger for Atlantic Niño events. Geophysical Research Letters, 48: e2021GL092489, doi: 10.1029/2021GL092489
|
Lotliker A A, Omand M M, Lucas A J, et al. 2016. Penetrative radiative flux in the Bay of Bengal. Oceanography, 29: 214–221, doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2016.53
|
Maes C, Picaut J, Kentaro A, et al. 2004. Characteristics of the convergence zone at the eastern edge of the Pacific warm pool. Geophysical Research Letters, 31: L11304, doi: 10.1029/2004GL019867
|
Masson S, Luo Jingjia, Madec G, et al. 2005. Impact of barrier layer on winter-spring variability of the southeastern Arabian Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 32: L07703, doi: 10.1029/2004gl021980
|
Mishra S K, Sahany S, Salunke P. 2016. Linkages between MJO and summer monsoon rainfall over India and surrounding region. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 129: 283–296, doi: 10.1007/s00703-016-0470-0
|
Morel A, Antoine D. 1994. Heating rate within the upper ocean in relation to its bio-optical state. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 24: 1652–1665, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<1652:HRWTUO>2.0.CO;2
|
Pai D S, Bhate J, Sreejith O P, et al. 2009. Impact of MJO on the intraseasonal variation of summer monsoon rainfall over India. Climate Dynamics, 36: 41–55, doi: 10.1007/s00382-009-0634-4
|
Parthasarathy B, Munot A A, Kothawale D R. 1995. Monthly and seasonal rainfall series for all-India homogeneous regions and meteorological subdivisions: 1871–1994. Research Report No. RR-065. Pune, India: Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
|
Paulson C A, Simpson J J. 1977. Irradiance measurements in the upper ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 7(6): 952–956, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1977)007<0952:IMITUO>2.0.CO;2
|
Pradhan M, Rao A S, Srivastava A, et al. 2017. Prediction of Indian summer-monsoon onset variability: A season in advance. Scientific Reports, 7: 14229, doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12594-y
|
Prasad T G. 1997. Annual and seasonal mean buoyancy fluxes for the tropical Indian Ocean. Current Science, 73: 667–674
|
Price J F, Sanford T B, Forristall G Z. 1994. Forced stage response to a moving hurricane. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 24: 233–260, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<0233:FSRTAM>2.0.CO;2
|
Price J F, Weller R A, Pinkel R. 1986. Diurnal cycling: Observations and models of the upper ocean response to diurnal heating, cooling, and wind mixing. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 91(C7): 8411–8427, doi: 10.1029/JC091iC07p08411
|
Qiu Yun, Han Weiqing, Lin Xinyu, et al. 2019. Upper-ocean response to the super tropical cyclone Phailin (2013) over the freshwater region of the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 49: 1201–1228, doi: 10.1175/jpo-d-18-0228.1
|
Rajeevan M, Unnikrishnan C K, Preethi B. 2011. Evaluation of the ensembles multi-model seasonal forecasts of Indian summer monsoon variability. Climate Dynamics, 38: 2257–2274, doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-1061-x
|
Ramage C S. 1971. Monsoon Meteorology. New York NY, USA, London, UK: Academic Press, 15: 1–296
|
Rao R R, Sivakumar R. 2003. Seasonal variability of sea surface salinity and salt budget of the mixed layer of the north Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 108(C1): 3009, doi: 10.1029/2001jc000907
|
Rao Y P. 1976. Southwest Monsoon: Meteorological Monograph. New Delhi, India: India Meteorological Department Press, 366
|
Roxy M. 2013. Sensitivity of precipitation to sea surface temperature over the tropical summer monsoon region—and its quantification. Climate Dynamics, 43: 1159–1169, doi: 10.1007/s00382-013-1881-y
|
Russo T A, Lall U. 2017. Depletion and response of deep groundwater to climate-induced pumping variability. Nature Geoscience, 10: 105, doi: 10.1038/ngeo2883
|
Sabin T, Babu C, Joseph P. 2012. SST-convection relation over tropical oceans. International Journal of Climatology, 33: 1424–1435, doi: 10.1002/joc.3522
|
Senan R, Orsolini Y J, Weisheimer A, et al. 2016. Impact of springtime Himalayan–Tibetan Plateau snowpack on the onset of the Indian summer monsoon in coupled seasonal forecast. Climate Dynamics, 47: 2709–2725, doi: 10.1007/s00382-016-2993-y
|
Seo H, Xie Shangping, Murtugudde R, et al. 2009. Seasonal effects of Indian Ocean freshwater forcing in a regional coupled model. Journal of Climate, 22: 6577–6596, doi: 10.1175/2009jcli2990.1
|
Shenoi S S C, Shankar D, Shetye S R. 2002. Differences in heat budgets of the near-surface Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal: Implications for the summer monsoon. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(C6). doi: 10.1029/2000jc000679
|
Shetye S R, Gouveia A D, Shankar D, et al. 1996. Hydrography and circulation in the western Bay of Bengal during the northeast monsoon. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 101: 14011–14025, doi: 10.1029/95jc03307
|
Simpson G. 1921. The south-west monsoon. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 47: 151–171, doi: 10.1002/qj.49704719901
|
Sprintall J, Tomczak M. 1992. Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the tropics. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 97: 7305, doi: 10.1029/92jc00407
|
Stevenson J W, Niiler P P. 1983. Upper ocean heat budget during the Hawaii-to-Tahiti shuttle experiment. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 13: 1894–1907, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1983)013<1894:UOHBDT>2.0.CO;2
|
Su Hui, Neelin J D, Meyerson J E. 2003. Sensitivity of tropical tropospheric temperature to sea surface temperature forcing. Journal of Climate, 16: 1283–1301, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16<1283:SOTTTT>2.0.CO;2
|
Sutton R T, Dong Buwen, Gregory J M. 2007. Land/sea warming ratio in response to climate change: IPCC AR4 model results and comparison with observations, Geophysical Research Letters, 34: L02701. doi: 10.1029/2006GL028164
|
Tanimoto Y, Xie Shangping. 2002. Inter-hemispheric decadal variations in SST, surface wind, heat flux and cloud cover over the Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80: 1199–1219, doi: 10.2151/jmsj.80.1199
|
Taylor K E, Stouffer R J, Meehl G A. 2012. An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93(4): 485–498, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1
|
Thadathil P, Gopalakrishna V V, Muraleedharan P M, et al. 2002. Surface layer temperature inversion in the Bay of Bengal. Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers, 49: 1801–1818, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00044-4
|
Thadathil P, Muraleedharan P M, Rao R R, et al. 2007. Observed seasonal variability of barrier layer in the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 112: C02009, doi: 10.1029/2006jc003651
|
Thangaprakash V P, Girishkumar M S, Suprit K, et al. 2016. What controls seasonal evolution of sea surface temperature in the Bay of Bengal? Mixed layer heat budget analysis using moored buoy observations along 90°E. Oceanography, 29: 202–213, doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2016.52
|
Tian Feng, Zhang Ronghua. 2023. Increasing shortwave penetration through the bottom of the oceanic mixed layer in a warmer climate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 128: e2022JC019587, doi: 10.1029/2022JC019587
|
Trenberth K E, Branstator G W, Karoly D, et al. 1998. Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 103(C7): 14291–14324, doi: 10.1029/97JC01444
|
Trenberth K E, Hurrell J W, Stepaniak D P. 2006. The Asian Monsoon: Global Perspectives. Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Press
|
Varkey M J, Murty V S N, Suryanarayana A. 1996. Physical oceanography of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 34: 1–70
|
Vialard J, Delecluse P. 1998a. An OGCM study for the TOGA decade. Part I: Role of salinity in the physics of the western Pacific fresh pool. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 28: 1071–1088, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<1071:Aosftt>2.0.Co;2
|
Vialard J, Delecluse P. 1998b. An OGCM study for the TOGA decade. Part II: Barrier-layer formation and variability. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 28: 1089–1106, doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<1089:Aosftt>2.0.Co;2
|
Vinayachandran P N, Murty V S N, Ramesh Babu V. 2002. Observations of barrier layer formation in the Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 107: SRF 19-1–SRF 19-9. doi: 10.1029/2001jc000831
|
Waliser D E, Graham N E, Gautier C. 1993. Comparison of the highly reflective cloud and outgoing longwave radiation datasets for use in estimating tropical deep convection. Journal of Climate, 6: 331–353, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<0331:COTHRC>2.0.CO;2
|
Wang J W, Han Weiqing. 2014. The Bay of Bengal upper-ocean response to tropical cyclone forcing during 1999. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119: 98–120, doi: 10.1002/2013jc008965
|
Wang Tongmei, Wu Guoxiong, Yu Jingjing. 2009. The influence of anomalous diabatic heating over Tibetan Plateau in spring on the Asian tropical circulation and monsoon onset. Journal of Tropical Meteorology (in Chinese), 25: 92–101
|
Wang Xidong, Han Guijun, Qi Yiquan, et al. 2011. Impact of barrier layer on typhoon-induced sea surface cooling. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 52: 367–385, doi: 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2011.05.002
|
Webster P J, Magana V O, Palmer T N, et al. 1998. Monsoons: Processes, predictability, and the prospects for prediction. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 103: 14451–14510, doi: 10.1029/97jc02719
|
Wu Guoxiong, Liu Yimin, He Bian, et al. 2012. Thermal controls on the Asian summer monsoon. Scientific Reports, 2: 404, doi: 10.1038/srep00404
|
Yang Jianling, Liu Qinyu, Xie Shangping, et al. 2007. Impact of the Indian Ocean SST basin mode on the Asian summer monsoon. Geophysical Research Letters, 34: L02708, doi: 10.1029/2006GL028571
|
Zeng Gang, Zhang Guwei, Wu Yingjiao, et al. 2016. Numerical simulation of sea surface temperature anomaly effect on the interdecadal variation of the South Asian High. Journal of the Meteorological Sciences (in Chinese), 2016, 36: 436–446, doi: 10.3969/2015jms.0031
|
Zhang Chidong. 1993. Large-scale variability of atmospheric deep convection in relation to sea surface temperature in the tropics. Journal of Climate, 6: 1898–1913, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<1898:LSVOAD>2.0.CO;2
|