Effects of rising temperature on growth and energy budget of juvenile Eogammarus possjeticus (Amphipoda: Anisogammaridae)
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Abstract: Growth and energy budget of marine amphipod juvenile Eogammarus possjeticus at different temperatures (20°C, 24°C, 26°C, 28°C, 30°C, 32°C and 34°C) were investigated in this study. The results showed that the cumulative mortality rate increased significantly with rising temperature (p<0.01), and exceeded 50% after 24 h when temperature was above 30°C. With the temperature increasing from 20°C to 26°C, the ingestion rate and absorption rate increased, but decreased significantly above 28°C (p<0.01), indicating a decline in feeding ability at high temperatures. The specific growth rate increased with rising temperature, but decreased significantly (p<0.01) after reaching the maximum value at 24°C. Similarly, the oxygen consumption and ammonia emission rates also showed a trend of first increase and then decrease. However, the O:N ratio decreased first and then increased with rising temperature, indicating that the energy demand of E. possjeticus juvenile transferred from metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid to protein. In the energy distribution of amphipods, the proportion of each energy is different. With rising temperature, the ratio of the energy deposited for growth accounted for ingested gross energy showing a trend of decrease, while the energy lost to respiration, ammonia excretion, and feces accounted for ingested gross energy being showed a trend of increase. It seemed that rising temperature increased the metabolism and energy consumption of the amphipods and, meanwhile, decreased the energy used for growth, which may be an important reason for the slow growth and small body size of the amphipods during the summer high-temperature period.
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Key words:
- Eogammarus possjeticus /
- rising temperature /
- growth /
- respiratory metabolism /
- energy budget
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Figure 1. The ingestion rate of E. possjeticus juvenile at different temperatures. Different capital letters indicate significant differences (p<0.05) among different treatments, the same as below.
Figure 3. The faecal egestion rate of E. possjeticus juvenile at different temperatures.
Figure 4. The specific growth rate of body weight and specific growth rate of body length of E. possjeticus juvenile at different temperatures.
Figure 5. The oxygen consumption rate of E. possjeticus juvenile at different temperatures.
Figure 6. The ammonia excretion rate of E. possjeticus juvenile at different temperatures.
Table 1. The cumulative mortality rates of E. possjeticus juvenile under different temperatures
Temperature/°C Number/ind. Cumulative mortality rate/% 12 h 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h 7 d 20 40 0.00 1.25 1.25 6.25 6.88 11.25 24 40 0.00 0.63 0.63 1.88 3.13 8.75 26 40 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.50 12.50 17.50 28 40 0.00 0.63 1.25 10.63 11.25 16.25 30 40 1.88 1.88 2.50 11.25 13.13 18.13 32 40 39.38 50.00 57.50 59.38 62.50 72.50 34 40 54.38 65.63 69.38 70.00 70.63 73.13 
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Table 2. The median lethal temperature (LT50) and 95% confidence interval of E. possjeticus juvenile
Time LT50/°C 95% confidence interval 12 h 32.66 32.03–33.30 24 h 31.96 31.33–32.60 48 h 31.61 31.00–32.23 72 h 30.53 29.78–31.30 96 h 30.31 29.55–31.09 7 d 29.32 28.52–30.14
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Table 3. The Q10 coefficients under different temperature intervals for E. possjeticus juvenile
Temperature interval/°C Q10 coefficient 20–24 1.03 24–26 1.21 26–28 1.24 28–30 0.34
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Table 4. Short-term energy budget of E. possjeticus juvenile at different temperatures
Temperature
/°CConsumption energy
/(J·g–1·h–1)Respiration energy
/(J·g–1·h–1)Excretion energy
/(J·g–1·h–1)Fecal energy
/(J·g–1·h–1)Growth energy
/(J·g–1·h–1)20 605.47±122.21a 62.68±4.69ab 2.55±0.31a 78.50±8.50ab 461.74±116.94a 24 679.49±76.76a 63.46±7.83ab 3.42±0.60a 65.05±2.87a 547.57±67.77a 26 690.93±64.46a 65.95±6.78ab 15.66±1.41b 75.36±7.03ab 533.95±53.82a 28 415.13±56.98b 68.84±3.55a 6.52±0.93c 72.76±6.21ab 267.01±53.01b 30 348.54±32.51b 55.35±3.35b 3.28±0.98a 84.44±5.30b 205.47±30.57b Note: Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments (p<0.05).
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Table 5. Energy budget equation of E. possjeticus juvenile at different temperatures
Temperature/°C Energy budget equation 20 100C=10.35R+0.42U+12.97F+76.26G 24 100C=9.34R+0.50U+9.57F+80.59G 26 100C=9.55R+2.27U+10.91F+77.28G 28 100C=16.58R+1.57U+17.53F+64.32G 30 100C=15.88R+0.94U+24.23F+58.95G Note: C, consumption energy; R, respiration energy; U, excretion energy; F, fecal energy; and G, growth energy.
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