Interannual variability in the sea surface cooling induced by tropical cyclones in the South China Sea
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Abstract: Sea surface cooling induced by tropical cyclones (TCs) is an important component of air-sea interactions. Using coordinate transformation and composite analysis methods, we examined the interannual variability in TC-induced sea surface cooling (TCSSC) in the South China Sea (SCS). The frequency of surface cooling cases was over 86% and that of surface warming cases was less than 14%. The magnitude of TCSSC was defined as the absolute value of TCSSC. The maximum magnitude of TCSSC occurred on the right side of the TC track, and the mean magnitude of TCSSC decreased by 0.04°C/a from 2006 to 2018. The interannual variability in TCSSC was highly correlated with the TC translation speed and pre-TC mixed layer depth. Notably, TCSSC got enhanced in El Niño years of 2007, 2010, and 2015. The El Niño types were suggested to determine the occurring periods of strong TCSSC via controlling the positions of SCS anticyclones, which brought pre-TC shallow mixed layer and caused strong TCSSC via vertical mixing process during El Niño events. To quantify how the anticyclone influences TCSSC, we need to use mixed layer heat balances model in the next study.
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Figure 2. Probabilities of tropical cyclone (TC) category (a) and radius (b) in the SCS. 1–6 in a reprecent the tropical depression (TD), tropical storm (TS), super tropical storm (STS), typhoon (T), strong typhoon (ST), and super typhoon (Super T), respectively, classified by wind speed . The TC radius in b is defined as the longest radius of 30-kn (~15 m/s) wind speeds.
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the rotating coordinate system of original (a) and transferred (b) coordinate systems. The red box is the SST response zone.
$ x $ and${y}$ direct eastward and northward, respectively,$ y{'} $ points to the direction of TC translated, and$ x{'} $ is perpendicular to$ y{'} $ . The black dot indicate point pi at time i, and the yellow dot indicate the next position pi+1 at time i+1.①,②,③ and ④ represent the first, second, third and forth quadrant, which take the direction of TC as the positive y'-axis.
Figure 4. Probability of TC-induced surface cooling (a) and warming (b), and mean
$\Delta \mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{ }(\mathrm{c})$ and variance of$\Delta\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}$ (d).
Figure 5. Spatial distributions of mean TC-included sea surface cooling
$ \Delta \text{SST} $ from 2006 to 2018.
Figure 6. Interannual variability of TC-included sea surface cooling
$ \left|{\Delta }\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}\right| $ (black) and the Niño 3.4 index (red) (a); the number (black) and translation speed (red) of TCs (b); the mean central pressure (black) and radius (red) of TCs (c); and the pre-TC mixed layer depth (MLD) and pre-TC SST around the TC center (d). The dashed lines are linear regression lines.
Figure 7. Relationships between the absolute value of TC-included sea surface cooling (
$ \Delta \text{SST} $ ) and TC central pressure (a), and TC translation speed (b). Error bars indicate the standard deviation of$ \;\left|{\Delta }\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}\right| $ at every 5 hPa (a) and every 1 m/s (b).
Figure 8. Composite average wind speed (vector) and
$ {\Delta }\text{SST} $ (colour scale) (a–c), and composite wind stress curl (d–f). The composite times are separated into El Niño years, La Niña years, and normal years from left to right panels. -
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