Submarine groundwater discharge and benthic biogeochemical zonation in the Huanghe River Estuary

Guangquan Chen; Bochao Xu; Shibin Zhao; Disong Yang; William C. Burnett; Shaobo Diao; Maosheng Gao; Xingyong Xu; Lisha Wang

doi:10.1007/s13131-021-1882-3

doi: 10.1007/s13131-021-1882-3

^{1, 2},
^{3, 4, ,},
^{3, 4, 5},
^{3, 4, 5},
⁶,
⁷,
⁷,
^{1, 2},
^{3, 4, 5}

计量
- 文章访问数: 446
- HTML全文浏览量: 172
- PDF下载量: 39
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-01-26
- 录用日期: 2021-03-24
- 网络出版日期: 2021-11-02
- 刊出日期: 2022-01-10

Submarine groundwater discharge and benthic biogeochemical zonation in the Huanghe River Estuary

Guangquan Chen^{1, 2},
Bochao Xu^{3, 4
, ,},
Shibin Zhao^{3, 4, 5},
Disong Yang^{3, 4, 5},
William C. Burnett⁶,
Shaobo Diao⁷,
Maosheng Gao⁷,
Xingyong Xu^{1, 2},
Lisha Wang^{3, 4, 5}

1.
Key Laboratory of Coastal Science and Integrated Management, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
2.
Laboratory for Marine Geology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
3.
Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
4.
Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
5.
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
6.
Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306, USA
7.
Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41876075, 41706067 and 41620104001; the Basic Scientific Fund for National Public Research Institutes of China under contract No. 2017Q02; the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China under contract Nos 201841007, 201962003 and 201762031; the Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province for Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) under contract No. 2018SDKJ0503; the Youth Talent Support Program of the Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) under contract No. LMEES-YTSP-2018-02-06.

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: xubc@ouc.edu.cn

摘要

- /
- /
- /
Abstract: Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has received increasing attention by studies on coastal areas; however, its effects on biogeochemical zonation have not been investigated to date. The Huanghe River Estuary (HRE) is a world class river estuary with high turbidity, and heavy human regulation. This study investigated how SGD is related to the benthic biogeochemistry of the HRE. Based on the distribution of several parameters (e.g., salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, pH, radium isotopes, and nutrients), the HRE was subdivided into six different zones, and the SGD fluxes within each zone were quantified and compared. The highest SGD flux was found in the northwest nearshore zone, where it was more than one order of magnitude higher than in the offshore zone. High SGD resulted in low DO and pH, but high nutrient levels in the benthic boundary layer. The southeast nearshore zone was also characterized by high SGD flux, but benthic waters were more oxic because of the dominating inputs by the Huanghe River. These data suggest that such a zonation would help to understand benthic biogeochemical processes. High SGD may not only contribute to the estuarine nutrient budget, but may also contribute to the formation of hypoxia and acidification.
- SGD zonation /
- benthic biogeochemistry /
- radium isotopes /
- Huanghe River Estuary

HTML全文

Figure 1. Study area of the Huanghe River Estuary (a), and locations of sampling stations for seawater and groundwater in June 2014 (b).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 2. Distribution of hydrological parameters (a−e), radium isotopes activities (f−h), and nutrients (i−k) in the Huanghe River Estuary in June 2014.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 3. Sketched zonation characteristics.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 4. Percentage distributions of different particle size sediments. Sediment type was determined by the median particle size, the ranges of which were −1Ф−4Ф, 4Ф−8Ф, and >8Ф for sand, slit, and clay, respectively.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 5. Diagram illustrating the modes of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) flux, dissolved oxygen (DO) (a) and pH (b) in the Huanghe River Estuary (HRE). Average SGD fluxes, DO and pH in bottom waters in the north HRE (c).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Table 1. Measured and derived parameters for a ²²⁶Ra mass balance model to assess submarine groundwater discharge (SGD)

Parameters	Northwest region			Southeast region
Parameters	Zone I	Zone I+II	Zone I+II+III	Zone I	Zone I+II	Zone I+II+III
A/(Bq·m⁻³)	8.28±0.23	7.97±0.22	7.53±0.22	7.78±0.22	7.48±0.20	7.23±0.20
z/m	9.8	11.4	12.5	10.2	11.7	12.8
S/km²	39.8	82	134	71	128	200
V/(10⁹ m³)	0.5	1.1	2.0	0.8	1.7	2.9
$\tau $/d	5.5±1.0	8.6±1.7	13.6±2.6	4.7±1.0	7.8±1.5	10.2±1.9
Estuarine Ra flux=(A×V/$\boldsymbol \tau $)/(10⁹ Bq·d⁻¹)	0.78	0.94	1.08	1.30	1.77	2.09
A_o/(Bq·m⁻³)	2.73±0.08	2.73±0.08	2.73±0.08	2.73±0.08	2.73±0.08	2.73±0.08
Oceanic Ra flux=(A_o×V/$\boldsymbol \tau $)/(10⁹ Bq·d⁻¹)	0.26	0.33	0.39	0.46	0.65	0.79
Q_r/(10⁷ m³·d⁻¹)	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.3
A_r/(Bq·m⁻³)	4.47±0.12	4.47±0.12	4.47±0.12	4.47±0.12	4.47±0.12	4.47±0.12
Oceanic Ra contribution/%	22	20	20	78	80	80
Riverine dissolved Ra flux=(A_r×Q_r)/(10⁸ Bq·d⁻¹)	0.33	0.30	0.30	1.15	1.18	1.18
C_spm/(g·m⁻³)	252	252	252	252	252	252
A_d/(Bq·g⁻¹)	1.33	1.33	1.33	1.33	1.33	1.33
Riverine dissolved Ra contribution/%	21	22	22	79	78	78
Riverine Ra flux=(A_d×C_spm×Q_r)/(10⁶Bq·d⁻¹)	1.83	1.66	1.66	6.49	6.65	6.65
A_gw/(Bq·m⁻³)	11.25±0.58	11.25±0.58	11.25±0.58	27.38±1.32	27.38±1.32	27.38±1.32
F_SGD/(cm·d⁻¹)	97±20	68±15	44±9	38±14	26±8	21±6
S×F_SGD/ (10⁷ m³·d⁻¹)	3.9±0.8	5.6±1.2	5.9±1.2	2.7±1.0	3.3±1.0	4.2±1.2
	Zone I	Zone II	Zone III	Zone I	Zone II	Zone III
F_SGD in each zone=[(F_SGD S)_i+1− (F_SGD S)_i]/ ( S_i+1 − S_i)/(cm·d⁻¹)	97±20	39±35	7±33	38±14	11±27	12±29
Note: Water ages ($\tau $) were calculated based on Eq. (2). The contribution of the river was calculated based on Eqs (3)−(6). The radium desorption coefficient (A_d) was based on lab experiments at a salinity of 30 (Yang et al., 2019). Areas (S) were estimated based on the geometry of each study area. F_SGD in Zone II and Zone III were calculated based on the differences of SGD fluxes in Zone I, Zone I+II, and Zone I+II+III. i represents Zone I, Zone II or Zone III (ie., when i represents Zone I, i+1 implies Zone II, by analogy).

下载: 导出CSV

Table 2. Comparison of SGD fluxes in Huanghe River Estuary

Research region	Year	SGD/(cm·d⁻¹)	Approach	Reference
Huanghe River Estuary	2004−2006	3.3−130.0	seepage meters	Taniguchi et al. (2008)
	2006−2007	4.5−24.2	²²³Ra, ²²⁴Ra, ²²⁶Ra, and ²²²Rn	Peterson et al. (2008)
	2010	13−136	²²⁶Ra	Xu et al. (2013)
	2012−2013	2−122	²²⁶Ra and ²²²Rn	Xia et al. (2016)
	2014	7−98	²²⁴Ra and ²²⁶Ra	this study
Laizhou Bay	2012	8.9−10.3	²²³Ra and ²²⁶Ra	Wang et al. (2015)
	2012	7	²²⁴Ra	Wang et al. (2016)
	2014	10.2−15.0	²²³Ra, ²²⁴Ra, ²²⁶Ra, and ²²²Rn	Zhang et al. (2018)

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(50)

[1]	Beck A J, Rapaglia J P, Cochran J K, et al. 2007. Radium mass-balance in Jamaica Bay, NY: Evidence for a substantial flux of submarine groundwater. Marine Chemistry, 106(3–4): 419-441
[2]	Burnett W C, Aggarwal P K, Aureli A, et al. 2006. Quantifying submarine groundwater discharge in the coastal zone via multiple methods. Science of the Total Environment, 367(2–3): 498–543
[3]	Burnett W C, Bokuniewicz H, Huettel M, et al. 2003. Groundwater and pore water inputs to the coastal zone. Biogeochemistry, 66(1): 3–33
[4]	Cai Pinghe, Shi Xiangming, Hong Qingquan, et al. 2015. Using ²²⁴Ra/²²⁸Th disequilibrium to quantify benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon and nutrients into the Pearl River Estuary. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 170: 188–203
[5]	Cai Pinghe, Shi Xiangming, Moore W S, et al. 2014. ²²⁴Ra: ²²⁸Th disequilibrium in coastal sediments: Implications for solute transfer across the sediment–water interface. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 125: 68–84
[6]	Cai Pinghe, Wei Lin, Geibert W, et al. 2020. Carbon and nutrient export from intertidal sand systems elucidated by ²²⁴Ra/²²⁸Th disequilibria. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 274: 302–316
[7]	Charette M A, Sholkovitz E R. 2006. Trace element cycling in a subterranean estuary: part 2. Geochemistry of the pore water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70(4): 811–826
[8]	Cho H M, Kim G, Kwon E Y, et al. 2018. Radium tracing nutrient inputs through submarine groundwater discharge in the global ocean. Scientific Reports, 8(1): 2439. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20806-2
[9]	Garcia-Orellana J, Cochran J K, Bokuniewicz H, et al. 2014. Evaluation of ²²⁴Ra as a tracer for submarine groundwater discharge in Long Island Sound (NY). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 141: 314–330
[10]	Guo Xiaoyi, Xu Bochao, Burnett W C, et al. 2020. Does submarine groundwater discharge contribute to summer hypoxia in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary?. Science of the Total Environment, 719: 137450. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137450
[11]	Huettel M, Rusch A. 2000. Transport and degradation of phytoplankton in permeable sediment. Limnology and Oceanography, 45(3): 534–549
[12]	Kim G, Burnett W C, Dulaiova H, et al. 2001. Measurement of ²²⁴Ra and ²²⁶Ra activities in natural waters using a radon-in-air monitor. Environmental Science & Technology, 35(23): 4680–4683
[13]	Kroeger K D, Charette M A. 2008. Nitrogen biogeochemistry of submarine groundwater discharge. Limnology and Oceanography, 53(3): 1025–1039
[14]	Kwon E Y, Kim G, Primeau F, et al. 2014. Global estimate of submarine groundwater discharge based on an observationally constrained radium isotope model. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(23): 8438–8444
[15]	Liu Jianan, Du Jinzhou, Yi Lixin. 2017. Ra tracer-based study of submarine groundwater discharge and associated nutrient fluxes into the Bohai Sea, China: a highly human-affected marginal Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122(11): 8646–8660,
[16]	Moore W S. 1996. Large groundwater inputs to coastal waters revealed by ²²⁶Ra enrichments. Nature, 380(6575): 612–614
[17]	Moore W S. 2007. Seasonal distribution and flux of radium isotopes on the southeastern U. S. continental shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 112(C10): C10013. doi: 10.1029/2007JC004199
[18]	Moore W S. 2010. The effect of submarine groundwater discharge on the ocean. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2: 59–88
[19]	Moore W S, Arnold R. 1996. Measurement of ²²³Ra and ²²⁴Ra in coastal waters using a delayed coincidence counter. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 101(C1): 1321–1329
[20]	Moore W S, Blanton J O, Joye S B. 2006. Estimates of flushing times, submarine groundwater discharge, and nutrient fluxes to Okatee Estuary, South Carolina. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 111(C9): C09006. doi: 10.1029/2005JC003041
[21]	Moore W S, Sarmiento J L, Key R M. 2008. Submarine groundwater discharge revealed by ²²⁸Ra distribution in the upper Atlantic Ocean. Nature Geoscience, 1(5): 309–311,
[22]	Mulligan A E, Charette M A. 2006. Intercomparison of submarine groundwater discharge estimates from a sandy unconfined aquifer. Journal of Hydrology, 327(3–4): 411–425
[23]	Null K A, Corbett D R, DeMaster D J, et al. 2011. Porewater advection of ammonium into the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 95(2–3): 314–325
[24]	O’Connor A E, Krask J L, Canuel E A, et al. 2018. Seasonality of major redox constituents in a shallow subterranean estuary. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 224: 344–361
[25]	Peterson R N, Burnett W C, Taniguchi M, et al. 2008. Radon and radium isotope assessment of submarine groundwater discharge in the Yellow River delta, China. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 113(C9): C09021. doi: 10.1029/2008JC004776
[26]	Peterson R N, Moore W S, Chappel S L, et al. 2016. A new perspective on coastal hypoxia: the role of saline groundwater. Marine Chemistry, 179: 1–11
[27]	Qiu Hanxue, Zhen Xilai, Zhang Xiaolong, et al. 2003. Numerical analysis of groundwater discharge fluxes to ocean from the Huanghe farm area. Marine Geology Letters (in Chinese), 19(3): 28–33
[28]	Rao A M F, Polerecky L, Ionescu D, et al. 2012. The influence of pore-water advection, benthic photosynthesis, and respiration on calcium carbonate dynamics in reef sands. Limnology and Oceanography, 57(3): 809–825
[29]	Rodellas V, Garcia-Orellana J, Masqué P, et al. 2015. Submarine groundwater discharge as a major source of nutrients to the Mediterranean Sea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(13): 3926–3930
[30]	Rodellas V, Garcia-Orellana J, Trezzi G, et al. 2017. Using the radium quartet to quantify submarine groundwater discharge and porewater exchange. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 196: 58–73
[31]	Santos I R, Eyre B D. 2011. Radon tracing of groundwater discharge into an Australian estuary surrounded by coastal acid sulphate soils. Journal of Hydrology, 396(3–4): 246–257
[32]	Shi Xiangming, Benitez-Nelson C R, Cai Pinghe, et al. 2019. Development of a two-layer transport model in layered muddy–permeable marsh sediments using ²²⁴Ra–²²⁸Th disequilibria. Limnology and Oceanography, 64(4): 1672–1687
[33]	Slomp C P, Van Cappellen P. 2004. Nutrient inputs to the coastal ocean through submarine groundwater discharge: controls and potential impact. Journal of Hydrology, 295(1–4): 64–86
[34]	Sun Yin, Torgersen T. 1998. The effects of water content and Mn-fiber surface conditions on ²²⁴Ra measurement by ²²⁰Rn emanation. Marine Chemistry, 62(3–4): 299–306
[35]	Swarzenski P W. 2007. U/Th series radionuclides as coastal groundwater tracers. Chemical Reviews, 107(2): 663–674
[36]	Taniguchi M, Ishitobi T, Chen Jianyao, et al. 2008. Submarine groundwater discharge from the Yellow River delta to the Bohai Sea, China. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 113(C6): C06025. doi: 10.1029/2007JC004498
[37]	Wang Xilong, Baskaran M, Su Kaijun, et al. 2018. The important role of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to derive nutrient fluxes into river dominated ocean margins-the East China Sea. Marine Chemistry, 204: 121–132
[38]	Wang Fenfen, Men Wu, Liu Guangshan. 2010. ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra in seawater of the north Yellow Sea. Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait (in Chinese), 29(2): 265–276
[39]	Wang Xuejing, Li Hailong, Jiao J J, et al. 2015. Submarine fresh groundwater discharge into Laizhou Bay comparable to the Yellow River flux. Scientific Reports, 5: 8814. doi: 10.1038/srep08814
[40]	Wang Xuejing, Li Hailong, Luo Xin, et al. 2016. Using ²²⁴Ra to estimate eddy diffusivity and submarine groundwater discharge in Laizhou Bay, China. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 308(2): 403–411
[41]	Wang Xuejing, Li Hailong, Zhang Yan, et al. 2020. Investigation of submarine groundwater discharge and associated nutrient inputs into Laizhou Bay (China) using radium quartet. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 157: 111359
[42]	Waska H, Kim S, Kim G, et al. 2008. An efficient and simple method for measuring ²²⁶Ra using the scintillation cell in a delayed coincidence counting system (RaDeCC). Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 99(12): 1859–1862
[43]	Xia Dong, Yu Zhigang, Xu Bochao, et al. 2016. Variations of hydrodynamics and submarine groundwater discharge in the Yellow River Estuary under the influence of the Water-Sediment Regulation Scheme. Estuaries and Coasts, 39(2): 333–343,
[44]	Xu Bochao, Burnett W, Dimova N, et al. 2013. Hydrodynamics in the Yellow River Estuary via radium isotopes: ecological perspectives. Continental Shelf Research, 66: 19–28
[45]	Xu Bochao, Xia Dong, Burnett W C, et al. 2014. Natural ²²²Rn and ²²⁰Rn indicate the impact of the Water-Sediment Regulation Scheme (WSRS) on submarine groundwater discharge in the Yellow River Estuary, China. Applied Geochemistry, 51: 79–85
[46]	Xu Bocha, Yang Disong, Burnett W C, et al. 2016. Artificial water sediment regulation scheme influences morphology, hydrodynamics and nutrient behavior in the Yellow River Estuary. Journal of Hydrology, 539: 102–112
[47]	Yang Disong, Xu Bocha, Burnett W, et al. 2019. Radium isotopes-suspended sediment relationships in a muddy river. Chemosphere, 214: 250–258
[48]	Young C. 2013. Fate of nitrogen during submarine groundwater discharge into Long Island north shore embayments [dissertation]. New York, NY, USA: State University of New York at Stony Brook
[49]	Zhang Yan, Li Hailong, Guo Huaming, et al. 2020. Improvement of evaluation of water age and submarine groundwater discharge: A case study in Daya Bay, China. Journal of Hydrology, 586: 124775
[50]	Zhang Yan, Li Hailong, Wang Xuejing, et al. 2018. Submarine groundwater discharge and chemical behavior of tracers in Laizhou Bay, China. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 189: 182–190