A multi-scale high-order recursive filter approach for the sea ice concentration analysis
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Abstract: With the development and deployment of observation systems in the ocean, more precise passive and active microwave data are becoming available for the weather forecasting and the climate monitoring. Due to the complicated variability of the sea ice concentration (SIC) in the marginal ice zone and the scarcity of high-precision sea ice data, how to use less data to accurately reconstruct the sea ice field has become an urgent problem to be solved. A reconstruction method for gridding observations using the variational optimization technique, called the multi-scale high-order recursive filter (MHRF), which is a combination of Van Vliet fourth-order recursive filter and the three-dimensional variational (3D-VAR) analysis, has been designed in this study to reproduce the refined structure of sea ice field. Compared with the existing spatial multi-scale first-order recursive filter (SMRF) in which left and right filter iterative processes are executed many times, the MHRF scheme only executes the same filter process once to reduce the analysis errors caused by multiple filters and improve the filter precision. Furthermore, the series connected transfer function in the high-order recursive filter is equivalently replaced by the paralleled one, which can carry out the independent filter process in every direction in order to improve the filter efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate that this method possesses a good potential in extracting the observation information to successfully reconstruct the SIC field in computational efficiency.
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Figure 2. Comparison of one-dimensional recursive filter results (dotted line) with the Gaussian function (solid line): the first-order recursive filter once (a); the first-order recursive filter four times (b); Van Vliet fourth-order recursive filter once (c).
Figure 3. The spread of observational information using the L-BFGS scheme when
$ \beta $ = 1 (a), 2 (b), 4 (c) and 6 (d), respectively.
Figure 4. The spread of observational information in the multi-scale high-order recursive filter scheme when
$ \theta $ = 0.97. a–d are the results at iteration 2, 5, 8 and 24, respectively.
Figure 5. The true SIC field of the Arctic Ocean constructed based on the SSMIS SIC on August 10, 2020 (a), and the locations of “observations” (b).
Figure 6. Analyzed field solved by using the L-BFGS scheme when
$ \beta $ =4 (a), 10 (b), 15 (c) and 25 (d).
Figure 7. Analyzed field (left column) and the descent direction (
$-\nabla {J}$ ) (right column) solved using the L-BFGS scheme ($ \beta $ =4) at iteration 2 (a, b), 4 (c, d) and 8 (e, f), respectively.
Figure 8. The true SIC (a) and the analysis result (b) from the MHRF scheme with
$ \beta= $ 0.99 and$ N= $ 125.
Figure 9. Analyzed field (left column) and the descent direction (right column) of the MHRF scheme (
$ \beta $ =0.99) at iteration 6 (a, b), 30 (c, d) and 55 (e, f).
Figure 11. The differences between the analyzed field and the true SIC field for the MHRF scheme (a) and the SMRF scheme (b).
Figure 12. Histogram of the deviation between the analyzed field and the true SIC field for the MHRF scheme (a) and SMRF scheme (b).
Table 1. Comparison of RMSE and CPU computation time between the MHRF scheme and the SMRF scheme
RMSE The iteration steps CPU time/s MHRF scheme 0.059 8 125 3.303 SMRF scheme 0.058 7 500 23.438 
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