Study on the distribution characteristics of faults and their control over petroliferous basins in the China seas and its adjacent areas
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Abstract: As one of the main controlling factors of oil and gas accumulation, faults are closely related to the distribution of oil and gas reservoirs. Studying how faults control petroliferous basins is particularly important. In this work, we investigated the plane positions of major faults in the China seas and its adjacent areas using the normalized vertical derivative of the total horizontal derivative (NVDR-THDR) of the Bouguer gravity anomaly, the fusion results of gravity and magnetic anomalies, and the residual Bouguer gravity anomaly. The apparent depths of major faults in the China seas and its adjacent areas were inverted using the Tilt-Euler method based on the Bouguer gravity anomaly. The results show that the strikes of the faults in the China seas and its adjacent areas are mainly NE and NW, followed by EW, and near-SN. Among them, the lengths of most ultra-crustal faults are in the range of 1 000–3 000 km, and their apparent depths lie between 10 km and 40 km. The lengths of crustal faults lie between 300 km and 1 000 km, and their apparent depths are between 0 km and 20 km. According to the plane positions and apparent depths of the faults, we put forward the concept of fault influence factor for the first time. Based on this factor, the key areas for oil and gas exploration were found as follows: the east of South North China Basin in the intracontinental rift basins; the southeast region of East China Sea Shelf Basin, the Taixinan and Qiongdongnan basins in the continental margin rift basins; Zhongjiannan Basin in the strike-slip pull-apart basins; the Liyue, Beikang, and the Nanweixi basins in the rifted continental basins. This work provides valuable insights into oil and gas exploration, mineral resource exploration, and deep geological structure research in the China seas and its adjacent areas.
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Figure 1. Basin distribution in the China seas and its adjacent areas (according to Zhang et al., 2010, 2016).
Figure 3. Brief map of the tectonic location of China seas and its adjacent areas (Li et al., 2018 ).
Figure 6. Plane distributions and apparent depths of faults in the China seas and its adjacent areas.
Figure 7. The NVDR-THDR of the Bouguer gravity anomaly and the Moho depth in the China seas and its adjacent areas (Moho depth from Zhang et al., 2022).
Figure 8. Fusion results of gravity and magnetic anomalies in the China seas and its adjacent areas.
Figure 10. The distributions of faults, oil and gas fields, and basin zoning in the China seas and its adjacent areas.
Table 1. Statistical table of ultra-crust fault attributes in China seas and its adjacent areas
Fracture
numberName Strike Location Properties (Tian and Luo, 2019; Yang et al., 2021) Length/
kmApparent
depth/kmSegment number of fracture F1-1 northern margin fault of the Tuwa-Mongolia block NW–EW–NE northwest compression 1167 20–35 1 F1-2 eastern margin fault of the Tuwa-Mongolia block NEE northwest compression 1664 20–30 1 F1-3 western margin fault of the Tuwa-Mongolia block NWW northwest compression 782 20–35 1 F1-4 Altai-Erguna fault NW–EW–NE northwest compression 2986 20–35 1 F1-5 northern margin fault of North China Block EW northwest compression 3475 20–35 1 F1-6 Dabie-Qinling orogenic fault NWW northwest compression 2604 25–40 1 F1-7 Yushanjiumi fault NWW center strike slip 1273 20–30 1 F1-8 Helan-Longmenshan fault NNE west compression 2040 20–40 3 F1-9 Daxing’ anling-Taihangshan fault NNE northwest strike slip 2652 30–40 2 F1-10 Tan-Lu fault NEE north strike slip 2925 10–35 3 F1-11 Sulu orogenic fault NEE center compression 851 10–25 1 F1-12 west margin fault of the Japan Sea NNE northeast subduction 1960 30–40 1 F1-13 east margin fault of the Japan Sea NNE northeast subduction 2490 20–35 1 F1-14 western margin fault of the Okinawa Trough NE east subduction 1494 25–35 2 F1-15 eastern margin fault of the Okinawa Trough NE east subduction 2360 30–40 2 F1-16 east margin fault of Chiba Islands NE northeast subduction 1211 20–25 1 F1-17 east margin fault of Japan Island NEE–NNE northeast subduction 1631 20–30 1 F1-18 Pacific subduction fault SN northeast subduction 3502 25–40 1 F1-19 Hokkaido-Hasarin fault NNW northeast subduction 969 20–30 1 F1-20 south margin fault of the Japan Sea NW northeast strike slip 779 25–35 1 F1-21 fault of Southern Dabie Qinling orogenic belt NWW west compression 1763 25–35 1 F1-22 north Yangtze block fault NW center compression 1581 20–35 1 F1-23 south Yangtze block fault NW center compression 1324 25–40 1 F1-24 Kongkala-Lancang River combined fault SN west compression 1023 20–30 1 F1-25 Wuyishan fault NNE center compression 1561 20–35 3 F1-26 Jiangshao fault NE center compression 2453 20–30 4 F1-27 coastal fault in the northern South China Sea NEE–NE center tension 1925 10–35 4 F1-28 Red River fault NW west strike slip 2071 10–30 1 F1-29 western margin fault of Indochina block SN west strike slip 2413 20–30 2 F1-30 Mekong fault NEE southwest strike slip 1475 20–25 1 F1-31 west margin fault of South China Sea SN west strike slip 1403 25–35 1 F1-32 Xisha Trough fault EW center tension 537 25–35 1 F1-33 Mesozoic subduction fault NE center subduction 556 30–40 2 F1-34 northern boundary of the oceanic crust in the South China Sea NE central south tension 1155 25–35 1 F1-35 southern boundary of the oceanic crust in the South China Sea NE central south tension 1189 25–35 2 F1-36 Zhongnan-Liyue fault SN center strike slip 929 20–35 1 F1-37 Manila Trench fault SN east subduction 1530 25–35 3 F1-38 western margin fault of the Philippine subduction zone SN southeast subduction 1614 20–30 1 F1-39 secondary fault of Manila Trench SN center subduction 1099 20–35 2 F1-40 secondary fault of Philippine Trench SN southeast subduction 2430 20–30 1 F1-41 eastern margin fault of the Philippine subduction zone SN southeast subduction 3203 25–40 2 F1-42 western margin fault of Palau Ridge in Kyushu SN southeast tension 3596 20–30 1 F1-43 eastern margin fault of Palau Ridge in Kyushu SN southeast tension 3678 20–30 1 F1-44 Mariana Trench fault SN east subduction 3741 20–30 1 F1-45 Izu-Bonin subduction fault NNW east subduction 1914 10–25 1 F1-46 Sumatra fault NW southwest compression 1308 20–35 1 F1-47 Malacca Strait fault NW–EW–NE southwest strike slip 2330 10–30 1 F1-48 Lupal fault NW southwest strike slip 952 20–25 1 F1-49 Makassar Strait fault NE south strike slip 922 20–35 1 F1-50 Tingjia fault NW south strike slip 1397 20–35 1 F1-51 southern fault of New Guinea NWW southeast subduction 1604 25–35 1 F1-52 New Guinea subduction fault NWW southeast subduction 1666 25–35 1 F1-53 southern margin fault of the Nansha Trough NE south strike slip 997 20–35 4 F1-54 Saba-Palawan fault NE south compression 1050 10–30 4 F1-55 northern Sulu Sea fault NE south tension 618 25–35 1 F1-56 southern Sulu Sea fault NE south tension 500 30–40 1 F1-57 northern Sulawesi Sea fault NEE south tension 794 30–40 1 F1-58 southern Sulawesi Sea fault EW south tension 697 30–40 1 
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Table 2. Basin types in the China seas and its adjacent areas (Chen et al., 2019)
Type of basin Name of basin Intracontinental rift basin Hailar Basin, Erlian Basin, Ordos Basin, Sichuan Basin, Chuxiong Basin and Lanping-Simao Basin, Songliao Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, South North China Basin, Nanxiang Basin, Jianghan Basin, Sanjiang Basin, North Yellow Sea Basin, Subei Basin, South Yellow Sea Basin, Beibu Gulf Basin Continental margin rift basin East China Sea Shelf Basin, Taixi Basin, Taixinan Basin, Pearl River Estuary Basin, Qiongdongnan Basin Strike-slip pull-apart basin Chuxiong Basin, Lanping-Simao Basin, Yinggehai Basin, Zhongjiannan Basin, Wan’an Basin Rifted continental basin Beikang Basin, Liyue Basin, Nanweixi Basin, Nabweidong Basin, Yongshu Basin, Jiuzhang Basin, Andubei Basin, North Palawan Basin, South Palawan Basin Back-arc basin Okinawa Trough Basin Fore-arc basin Brunei-Sabah Basin Foreland basin Zengmu Basin
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Table 3. The new basin types and main controlled faults in China sea and adjacent areas
Type of basin Name of basin Faults controlling the basins Previous study This study Intracontinental rift basin First region Hailaer Basin, Erlian Basin, Ordos Basin and Sichuan Basin, Chuxiong Basin and Lanping-Simao Basin, northern margin fault of the North China Block, Dabie-Qinling orogenic fault, Helan-Longmenshan fault, Daxing’an ling-Taihangshan fault, Wuyishan fault Second region Songliao Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, South North China Basin, Nanxiang Basin, Jianghan Basin and Beibu Gulf Basin northern margin fault of the North China Block, Dabie-Qinling orogenic fault, Daxing’anling-Taihangshan fault, Wuyishan fault, Tan-Lu fault Third region Sanjiang Basin, North Yellow Sea Basin, Subei Basin and South Yellow Sea Basin he northern margin fault of the North China Block, Yushanjiumi fault, Tan-Lu fault, Sulu orogenic fault Continental margin rift basin First region north part of the East China Sea Shelf Basin Jiangshao fault, Yushanjiumi fault Second region south part of the East China Sea Shelf Basin, Taixi Basin, Taixinan Basin, Zhujiang River Estuary Basin, Qiongdongnan Basin Yushanjiumi fault, The coastal fault in the northern South China Sea, Mesozoic subduction fault, Xisha Trough fault Strike-slip pull-apart basin Yinggehai Basin, Zhongjiannan Basin, Wan’an Basin Red River fault, West margin fault of South China Sea Rifted continental basin Beikang Basin, Liyue Basin, Nanweixi Basin, Nanweidong Basin, Yongshu Basin, Jiuzhang Basin, Andubei Basin, North Palawan Basin, South Palawan Basin southern boundary of the oceanic crust in the South China Sea, the southern margin fault of the Nansha Trough, western margin fault of the South China Sea, the Tingjia fault Back-arc basin First region north part of Okinawa Trough Basin Yushanjiumi fault, western margin fault of Okinawa trough, eastern margin fault of Okinawa trough Second region south part of Okinawa Trough Basin Yushanjiumi fault, western margin fault of Okinawa trough, eastern margin fault of Okinawa trough Fore-arc basin Brunei-Sabah Basin southern margin fault of Nansha Trough, Sabah-Palawan fault Foreland basin Zengmu Basin Lupal fault, Tingjia fault
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