Acoustical imaging of the nearshore seafloor depositions and deformations, a key study for Western Istanbul, Türkiye
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Abstract: To protect the sustainability of the benefits from seas and near coastal areas, which have under the effect of the very complex hydrodynamic conditions and intensive human activities, without disrupting the balance of nature, it is necessary to image the status of the seafloor features. Therefore, this study presents the deformations, depositional conditions, underwater constructions, and the other non-natural impacts on the seafloor of the nearshore area at western Istanbul (between Küçükçekmece and Büyükçekmece lagoons) where it intensely used by the citizens. The results of the study may provide some guidance for understanding the impacts and risk factors of uses that are or will be conducted in coastal and/or near-coastal areas. Construction planning for civil coastal structures and areas should be done in great harmony with nature, minimizing negative environmental impacts. Although sediment distribution in the area is generally quite complex, the current state of the region, wave action, hydrodynamic conditions, the amount of material transported from the land, and bathymetry are important influencing factors. The seafloor has been damaged primarily by anchor deformation and associated bottom scanning, as well as disturbing trawl tracks. The seafloor was observed as partially shallowing near the constructions (such as natural gas pipelines, fishermen’s shelter, and port piles) of coastal areas and associated with sand deposits. Therefore, scanning the seafloor using side-scan sonar may provide valuable frequency data to prevent future disruptions.
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Key words:
- port activities /
- sediment classifications /
- side scan sonar /
- sub bottom profiler /
- coastal protection
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Figure 1. Location (a), bathymetry (b), regional geology maps (c) of the study area (modified from Alp et al.(2018)).
NAF: north Anatolian Fault、EAF: east Anatolian、TEF、BF、OAF
Figure 3. The location map of the acoustic data (side scan sonar, and sub bottom profiler), and the mosaic map.
Figure 6. Deformations caused by fishing and the boats on the seafloor (anchor and trawl web tracks).
Figure 9. Seafloor natural structures and formation types by seismic method (SBP Line 1) (a); paleo shoreline, gas, and formation types (SBP Line 2) (b); formation types, rock exposure and pipeline view (SBP Line 3) (c).
Table 1. Acoustic returns and the outcrop features of the seafloor formations
Map unit Acoustic reflection
intensityOutcrops features Mud (M) weak smooth flat Sandy Mud (SM) weak smooth flat Muddy Sand (MS) medium smooth flat Sand(S) medium smooth flat Gravel (G) strong low relieve often covered with
ripples or bouldersRock (R) strong high relief, fractures common 
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