Predictability of the upper ocean heat content in a Community Earth System Model ensemble prediction system
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Abstract: Upper ocean heat content (OHC) has been widely recognized as a crucial precursor to high-impact climate variability, especially for that being indispensable to the long-term memory of the ocean. Assessing the predictability of OHC using state-of-the-art climate models is invaluable for improving and advancing climate forecasts. Recently developed retrospective forecast experiments, based on a Community Earth System Model ensemble prediction system, offer a great opportunity to comprehensively explore OHC predictability. Our results indicate that the skill of actual OHC predictions varies across different oceans and diminishes as the lead time of prediction extends. The spatial distribution of the actual prediction skill closely resembles the corresponding persistence skill, indicating that the persistence of OHC serves as the primary predictive signal for its predictability. The decline in actual prediction skill is more pronounced in the Indian and Atlantic oceans than in the Pacific Ocean, particularly within tropical regions. Additionally, notable seasonal variations in the actual prediction skills across different oceans align well with the phase-locking features of OHC variability. The potential predictability of OHC generally surpasses the actual prediction skill at all lead times, highlighting significant room for improvement in current OHC predictions, especially for the North Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. Achieving such improvements necessitates a collaborative effort to enhance the quality of ocean observations, develop effective data assimilation methods, and reduce model bias.
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Key words:
- ocean heat content /
- prediction skill /
- retrospective forecast experiment
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Figure 3. Anomaly correlation coefficients (ACC) for the area-averaged OHC in the Pacific Ocean (a), Indian Ocean (b), and Atlantic Ocean (c). The “EP”, “WP”, “NP”, “SP”, “SI”, “NI”, “SA” and “NA” represent the eastern tropical Pacific (10°S–10°N, 170°W–90°W), the western tropical Pacific (10°S–10°N, 120°E–180°), the northeastern subtropical Pacific (20°N–60°N, 180°–120°W), the southern Pacific (20°S–60°S, 180°–90°W), the southern Indian Ocean (10°S–40°S, 40°E–120°E), the northern Indian Ocean (10°N–25°N, 50°E–110°E), the southern Atlantic Ocean (10°S–60°S, 80°W–0°), and the northern Atlantic Ocean (10°N–60°N, 60°W–0°), respectively.
Figure 4. Anomaly correlation coefficients (ACC) of the area-averaged OHC with the lead and target months in different oceans. a. The western tropical Pacific (10°S–10°N, 120°E–180°); b. the eastern Pacific (10°S–10°N, 170°W–90°W); c. the northern Pacific (20°N–60°N, 180°–120°W); d. the southern Pacific (20°S–60°S, 180°–90°W); e. the northern Indian Ocean (10°N–25°N, 50°E–110°E); f. the southern Indian Ocean (10°S–40°S, 40°E–120°E); g. the northern Atlantic Ocean (10°N–60°N, 60°W–0°); h. the southern Atlantic Ocean (10°S–60°S, 80°W–0°).
Figure 5. Phase-locking features of the area-averaged OHC in different oceans. a. The western tropical Pacific (10°S–10°N, 120°E–180°); b. the eastern Pacific (10°S–10°N, 170°W–90°W); c. the northern Pacific (20°N–60°N, 180°–120°W); d. the southern Pacific (20°S–60°S, 180°–90°W); e. the northern Indian Ocean (10°N–25°N, 50°E–110°E); f. the southern Indian Ocean (10°S–40°S, 40°E–120°E); g. the northern Atlantic Ocean (10°N–60°N, 60°W–0°); h. the southern Atlantic Ocean (10°S–60°S, 80°W–0°).
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