The extension of the ~3500 km shallow shelf current along the South China Sea: A review

Afifi Johari; Mohd Fadzil Akhir; Zuraini Zainol; Yue Fang

doi:10.1007/s13131-024-0001-1

doi: 10.1007/s13131-024-0001-1

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- 网络出版日期: 2025-03-19

The extension of the ~3500 km shallow shelf current along the South China Sea: A review

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Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
2.
Center for Ocean and Climate Research, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China

Funds: Long-Term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS: 56041); Interaction of Ocean Dynamics With The Climate System of Past, Present, and Future Using Ocean Observation Integrated Data and Numerical Modeling

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Corresponding author: mfadzil@umt.edu.my

摘要

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Abstract: Using literature published from 2010 onwards, this study investigates the ~3500 km extension of the shallow shelf current in the South China Sea (SCS) during the winter and summer monsoons. This current is later acknowledged as the South China Sea Shallow Shelf Current (SCSSC). This current is primarily driven by monsoonal winds, and influenced by regional river plumes (Pearl River, Hong River, Mekong River) and the prominent South China Sea Warm Current (SCSWC) and South China Sea Western Boundary Current (SCSWBC). The current exhibits significant seasonal variations in both direction and pattern. During winter, it flows along the northern South China Sea’s (NSCS) shelf and splits into two branches at the east of Hainan Island. One branch enters the Beibu-Tonkin Gulf through the Qiongzhou Strait and forms a major cyclonic circulation within the gulf, while the other branch flows southwestward along the southern coast of Hainan Island. These branches converge around 16°N latitude at the east of the Vietnamese shelf, then flow southward along the Sunda Shelf, where they deflect southwestward in “broadband” forms before curving southeastward along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia (ECPM) and exiting via the Karimata Strait. In summer, the current exhibits a complex pattern. At the Sunda Shelf, it flows northwestward along the ECPM, then deflects northeastward around 6°N latitude, forming the Sunda Shelf’s anti-cyclonic eddy (SSE) and causing upwelling on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia (ECPMU). Near the eastern Vietnamese shelf, the current splits around 11-12°N latitude into three distinct currents: the southward-flowing Vietnam Current, the northward-flowing Vietnam Meandering Current (VMC), and the southward-flowing SCSWBC. The VMC flows northward and then deflects northeastward south of Hainan Island, continuing northeastward along the NSCS’s shelf and exiting through the Taiwan Strait.
- shallow shelf current /
- South China Sea /
- Sunda Shelf /
- winter monsoon /
- summer monsoon

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Figure 1. Bathymetry and topography map of the South China Sea (SCS). The red-shaded area inside the red dashed line indicates the domain of the whole SCS domain according to Weng et al. (2016). There are three sub-domains inside the SCS justified in this paper, and named as northern of SCS (NSCS), southern of SCS (SSCS), and Sunda Shelf to ease the reference for readers. The black-dashed arrow is the illustration of the ~3500 km of the boundary current discussed in this article.

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Figure 2. Observed transects and stations for boundary currents studies in the SCS. All these transects described the velocity or the volume transport by the previous authors, as tabulated in Table 2. The red-shaded area inside the red dashed line indicates the domain of the whole SCS domain according to (Weng et al., 2016). There are three sub-domains inside the SCS justified in this paper, and named as NSCS, SSCS, and Sunda Shelf to ease the reference for readers. The black-dashed arrow is the illustration of the ~3500 km of the boundary current discussed in this article.

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Figure 3. As illustrated in the blue arrow, the schematic diagram for the extension of the South China Sea Shallow Shelf Current (SCSSC) during the winter monsoon. The name for each current as numbered in the figure is tabulated in Table 3.

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Figure 4. As illustrated in the red arrow, the schematic diagram for the extension of the South China Sea Shallow Shelf Current (SCSSC) during the summer monsoon. The name for each current as numbered in the figure is tabulated in Table 3.

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Table 1. List of hydrographic studies in the SCS that focused on different circulation systems and methods applied. The abbreviation of the current system/ topic names is stated after the table.

Sea domain	Author	Year	Current system/topic	Method applied
Sea domain	Author	Year	Current system/topic	Method applied
NSCS's shelf	Shu et al. (2018)	2018	¹CCC	Review
			²SCSWC
			³SCSWBC
	Ding et al. (2020)	2020	²SCSWC	FVCOM
	Zhang et al. (2018)	2018	²SCSWC	FVCOM
	Ding et al. (2017).	2017	¹CCC	FVCOM
	Liao et al. (2018)	2018	²SCSWC	ROMS
			¹CCC
Taiwan Strait	Hu et al. (2010)	2010		Review
Beibu-Tonkin Gulf	Gao et al. (2017)	2017	⁴BTC	Review
Qiongzhou Strait	Chen et al. (2019)	2019		in-situ
Vietnam East’s shelf	Chen et al. (2012)	2012	⁵VC	FVCOM
	Vlasova et al. (2020)	2020	cyclonic-anticyclonic eddy	Numerical model
Sunda Shelf	Tangang et al. (2011)	2011		MASNUM + TOPEX
	Akhir and Chuen (2011)	2011		In-situ
	Akhir (2012)	2012	⁶PMC	OCCAM
	Akhir (2014)	2014		Review
	Mohd Akhir et al. (2014)	2014		MODIS
	Pa’suya et al. (2014)	2014		TOPEX/POSEIDON
	Daryabor et al. (2014)	2014		ROMS
	Daryabor et al. (2015)	2015		ROMS
	Kok et al. (2015)	2015		HYCOM+ MODIS
	Akhir et al. (2015)	2015		in-situ + MODIS
	Daryabor et al. (2016)	2016		SODA + TOPEX
	Zainol and Akhir (2016a)	2016a		in-situ + MODIS
	Zainol and Akhir (2016b)	2016b		MIKE 3D
	Kok et al. (2017)	2017		in-situ + HYCOM
Gulf of Thailand	Buranapratheprat (2008)	2008	⁷GoT circulation	review
	Sojisuporn et al. (2010)			satellite
	Daud et al. (2016)			MIKE 3D
	Buranapratheprat et al. (2016)			In-situ
SCS	Fang et al. (2012)	2012	³SCSWBC	review
	Wang et al. (2013)	2013	³SCSWBC	review
	Shu et al. (2016a)	2016	³SCSWBC	in-situ
			⁸VOC
	Quan et al. (2016)	2016	³SCSWBC	REDOS
	Zhao and Zhu (2016)	2016	³SCSWBC	PIES + TOPEX/POSEIDON
	Lyu et al. (2016)	2016	³SCSWBC	in-situ + satelite
	Zhou et al. (2017)	2017	³SCSWBC	In-situ
	Zhu et al. (2019)	2019	Multi-layer circulation	Review
	Cai and Gan (2020)	2020	Multi-layer circulation	Review
	Tian et al. (2023)	2017	³SCSWBC	AVISO + HYCOM
	Wang et al. (2023)	2023	³SCSWBC	AVISO + in-situ
Note: ¹CCC = China Coastal Current ²SCSWC = South China Sea Warm Current ³SCSWBC = South China Sea Western Boundary Current ⁴BTC = Beibu - Tonkin Gulf’s current Circulations ⁵VC = Vietnam Current ⁶PMC = Peninsular Malaysia Current ⁷GoT circulation = Gulf of Thailand Circulations ⁸VOC = Vietnam Offshore Current

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Table 2. Detail information of the observed stations and transects as illustrated in Figure 2

Transect @ station	Literature	Data	ADCP sampling details	Observation period	Max velocity		Volume transport range
Transect @ station	Literature	Data	ADCP sampling details	Observation period	summer	winter	summer	winter
1	Li et al. (2018)	shipboard ADCP	downward facing	Winter (1998)				4.3 Sv
2	Li et al. (2018)	shipboard ADCP	downward facing	Winter (1998)				8.1 Sv
3	Li et al. (2018)	shipboard ADCP	downward facing	Winter (1998)				−21.1 Sv
4	Li et al. (2018)	shipboard ADCP	downward facing	Winter (1998)				−30.3 Sv
5	Li et al. (2018)	shipboard ADCP	downward facing	Winter (1998)				−23.7 Sv
6	Li et al. (2018)	shipboard ADCP	downward facing	Winter (1998)				−18.7 Sv
7	Li et al. (2018)	shipboard ADCP	downward facing	Winter (1998)				−19.9 Sv
8	Li et al. (2018)	shipboard ADCP	downward facing	Winter (1998)				−15.5 Sv
9	Shu et al. (2016a)	shipboard ADCP	downward facing	Summer (2010 - 2011)	0.4 m/s
	Quan et al. (2016)	REDOS		Summer and winter (1992 - 2011)				− 8.3 ± 3.4 Sv
		OFES						− 4.1 ± 2.3 Sv
		SODA						3.2 ± 2.7 Sv
10	Shu et al. (2016a)	shipboard ADCP	● downward facing ● 1 minute data interval ● 16 m data cell size ● 38 KHz frequency	Summer 2010, and 2011	0.2 m/s
11	Shu et al. (2016a)	moored ADCP	● upward facing ● 450 - 550 m deployed (1 hour data interval) ● 657 m deployed (30 minutes data interval) ● 8 m data cell size ● 75 KHz frequency ● Linear intepolation on data gaps	June 2007 - December 2013	0.4 m/s	0.4 m/s
12	Zhao and Zhu (2016)	pressure recording inverted echo sounders (PIES)		winter (2015 - 2016)				− 5.2 Sv
13	Quan et al. (2016)	AVISO		Summer and Winter (1992 - 2011)			0.6 ± 6.3	−13.0 ± 3.1 Sv
		REDOS		Summer and Winter (1992 - 2011)			−4.6 ± 6.6 Sv	−13.6 ± 3.6 Sv
	Li et al. (2018)	shipboard ADCP		winter (1998)				−27.4 Sv
14	Lyu et al. (2016)	moored ADCP	● upward facing ● Deployed at 500 m depth ● 1hour, and 30 minutes data interval ● 8 m data cell size ● A 48-h low-pass filter was applied to remove the high- frequency signal in the ADCP raw data	May 2004 - September 2005	0.13 m/s
15	Fang et al. (2012)	SODA		summer (1987 - 2008)	0.5 m/s
16	Akhir (2012)	OCCAM		August (2003), November (2003)	0.4 m/s	0.6 m/s
17	Zainol and Akhir (2016a)	shipboard ADCP	● downward facing ● 1 minute data interval ● 1 m data cell size ● 1 MHz frequency	pre-summer, summer (2014)	1 m/s
	Daryabor et al. (2014)	ROMS and SODA		Summer (2000 - 2005)	0.8 m/s
18	Akhir (2012)	OCCAM		August (2003), November (2003)	0.4 m/s	1.2 m/s
19	Daryabor et al. (2016)	ROMS and SODA		Summer and Winter (2000 - 2006)			3 Sv	−6 Sv

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Table 3. Details on the currents systems as illustrated in Figure 3 and Figure 4

No.	Acronym	Name of currents
1	CCC	China coastal current
2	SCSWC	South China Sea Warm Current
3	SCSWBC	South China Sea Western Boundary Current
4	QRC*	Qiongzhou Strait Residual Current
5	SHC*	Southern Hainan Current
6	NVSC*	Northern of Vietnam’s east shelf Current
7	SVSC*	Southern of Vietnam’s east shelf Current
8	PMC*	Peninsular Malaysia Current
9	PRP	Pearl River Plume
10	HRP	Hong River Plume
11	MRP	Mekong River Plume
12	SSCSE*	Southern South China Sea Eddy
13	NSCSE*	Northern South China Sea Eddy
14	KI	Kuroshio Intrusion
15	BTC	Beibu-Tonkin’s Gulf Circulation
16	VMC*	Vietnam Meandering Current
17	VOC	Vietnam Offshore Current
18	SSE*	Sunda Shelf anti-cyclonic Eddy
* = The ocean currents or circulations which newly acknowledged in this paper

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Table 4. Volume transport (1 Sv = 1,000,000 m³/s) at four major straits of SCS from previous literatures

Straits	Annual mean	Summer	Winter	Spring	Autumn	Observational period	Reference	Approach
Taiwan	1.65 Sv	2.1 Sv	1.33 Sv	2.13 Sv	1.04 Sv	1968 - 2008	Yu et al. (2012)	Numerical model
	0.78 Sv	1.91 Sv	−0.31 Sv	1.22 Sv	0.37 Sv	2005 - 2008	Zhang et al. (2014)	Numerical model
	1.29 Sv	~ 3 Sv	~ 0 Sv			2009	Chen et al. (2016)	In-situ observation
	1.39 Sv					2010
	1.28 Sv					2011
Luzon		5.5 Sv				5 - 14 July 2007	Yang et al. (2010)	In-situ observation
		4.37 Sv (at 120 ° E) −2.68 Sv (at 120.5 °E)				21 June - 5 July 2009	Chen et al. (2011)	In-situ observation
					4 Sv	October 2008	Yuan et al. (2012)	In-situ observation
	−4.54 Sv	−2.83 Sv	−6.44 Sv	−4.4 Sv	−4.37 Sv	2014 - 2018	Sun et al. (2023)	In-situ observation
Karimata	−2.75 Sv					2010	Anwar et al. (2017)	Numerical model
		0.36 Sv	−0.66 Sv			2010 - 2014	Anwar et al. (2018)	Numerical model
	−0.74 Sv	0.69 Sv	−1.99 Sv			2008 - 2015	Wang et al. (2019)	In-situ observation
	−0.78 ± 0.12 Sv	0.47 ± 0.20 Sv	−1.98 ± 0.23 Sv			1993 - 2017	Xu et al. (2021)	Regression model
	−0.96 Sv					2001 - 2015	Kok et al. (2021)	Numerical model
Mindoro	−0.07 Sv	0.87 Sv	−1.32 Sv	0.45 Sv	−0.24 Sv	2008	Sprintall et al. (2012)	In-situ observation

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doi: 10.1007/s13131-024-0001-1

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The extension of the ~3500 km shallow shelf current along the South China Sea: A review

Corresponding author: mfadzil@umt.edu.my

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