Coastal hypoxia response to the coupling of catastrophic flood, extreme marine heatwave and typhoon: a case study off the Changjiang Estuary in summer 2020
-
Abstract: Massive bodies of low-oxygen bottom waters are found in coastal areas worldwide, which are detrimental to coastal ecosystems. In summer 2020, the response of coastal hypoxia to extreme weather events, including a catastrophic flooding, an extreme marine heatwave, and typhoon Bavi, is investigated based on multiple satellite, four cruises, and mooring observations. The extensive fan-shaped hypoxia zone presents significant northward extension during July−September 2020, and is estimated as large as 13 000 km2 with rather low oxygen minimum (0.42 mg/L) during its peak in 28−30 August. This severe hypoxia is attributed to the persistent strong stratification, which is indicated by flood-induced larger amount of riverine freshwater input and subsequent marine heatwave off the Changjiang Estuary. Moreover, the typhoon Bavi has limited effect on the marine heatwave and coastal hypoxia in summer 2020.
-
Key words:
- coastal hypoxia /
- Changjiang Estuary /
- extreme weather events /
- seasonal evolution
-
Figure 1. (a) Schematic of the summertime circulation in the East China Sea (modified from Yang et al., 2012, 2013 and Tian et al., 2022). CDW: Changjiang Diluted Water; YSCC: Yellow Sea Coastal Current; TWC: Taiwan Warm Current. Four Kuroshio intrusion branches in summer are also represented (Yang et al., 2012): Kuroshio Branch Current (KBC), Offshore Kuroshio Branch Current (OKBC), Nearshore Kuroshio Branch Current (NKBC) and the westward Kuroshio branch (upwelling, UW). (b) Historical bottom hypoxia frequency (1998−2020; shading, hypoxia records are listed in Table 1), cruise and mooring sampling stations (marked), and seabed topography (thin contour) off the Changjiang Estuary. The black cycles, blue stars, red rectangles, and black rectangles indicate sampling stations observed during 14-22 July, 17-22 August, 28-30 August, and 19-25 September, respectively. The red star denotes SIO-HOTS mooring. The dashed curve indicates surface suspended sediment front off the Changjiang Estuary (redrawn by Li et al., 2021). The dashed gray box indicates the domain average area for the climatic and hydrographic factors.
Figure 2. The time series of (a) Changjiang river discharge, (b) CCMP wind vector, (c) SMAP salinity, and (d) OISST temperature during July−September 2020. Gray lines in (a-d) denote the climatology mean. The average period is 1998−2020 for river discharge, wind, and sea surface temperature (SST), and 2015−2020 for sea surface salinity (SSS). The average domain for wind, SST, and SSS is shown in Fig. 1b. Gary shading areas indicate four cruise periods during July−September 2020.
Figure 5. Bottom hydrographic parameters observed by SIO-HOTS during 1 August-30 September 2020. The bold curves denote daily mean time series. (a) Bottom temperature, with unit ℃; (b) Bottom Salinity; (c) Bottom DO value, with unit mg/L. Shading area denotes the passage period (24−27 August) of typhoon Bavi.
Figure 6. SST (with unit of ℃) and SSS off the Changjiang Estuary during July to September 2020. The observed periods are (a, e) 14−22 July, (b, f) 17−22 August, (c, g) 28−30 August, and (d, h) 19−25 September, respectively. Solid contour in (e-h) denotes the isoline of CDW (S=30). Red and blue curves denote bottom hypoxia and low-DO areas (blue: 3 mg/L; red: 2 mg/L).
Figure 7. Pycnocline intensity (Δδ/Δz, with unit of kg/m4) and pycnocline layer thickness (Δz, with unit of m) during (a, e) 14−22 July (b, f) 17−22 August (c, g) 28−30 August and (d, f) 19−25 September, respectively. The solid contours indicate bottom hypoxia and low-DO areas (blue: 3 mg/L; red: 2 mg/L). The contour interval is 0.05 kg/m4 in a-d and 5 m in e-h.
Figure 8. Cross-shelf distributions of water properties measured along section A (~31.5°N) in (a) 20 July (b) 19 August (c) 29 August and (d) 21 September, respectively: (a-d) temperature (with unit of ℃); (e-h) salinity; and (i-l) potential density (with unit of kg/m3). White contour indicates bottom hypoxia water (DO<2 mg/L).
Figure 9. (a) Changjiang river discharge /(m3∙s-1) in July during 1998 to 2020; (b) domain averaged SST (℃) and SST maxima in August off the Changjiang Estuary during 1998 to 2020; (c) domain averaged SSS in August off the Changjiang Estuary during 2015−2020; (d) historical records about the hypoxia area (histogram, with unit of km2) and DO minimum (dotted, with unit of mg/L) during 1998;2020. The statistical rectangle area for (b) and (c) is shown in Fig. 1b. Solid cycles denote the severe hypoxia events happened in summers of 1999, 2006, 2013, 2016, 2017, and 2020. The climatology mean values for river discharge and SST are also given in a and b.
Figure 10. The SST anomaly (℃) and summer typhoon activities in summers of six severe hypoxia years, August 1999 (a); August 2006 (b); August 2013 (c); August 2016 (d); August 2017 (e); August 2020 (f). Red curves indicate observed hypoxia area in literatures. The colors of the typhoon dots (within the interval of 6-hours) indicate the Saffir-Simpson wind scale. The typhoon data are provided by Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
Table 1. Hypoxia area and dissolved oxygen minimum off the Changjiang Estuary reported in literatures
Investigation
periodHypoxia extent
(2 mg·L−1
threshold)/(km2)Dissolved Oxygen
minimum/
(mg·L-1)Reference August 1998 600 1.44 Wang and Wang (2007) August 1999 13 700 1.00 Li et al. (2002) August 2002 579a 1.73 Wang (2009) August 2003 100a 1.8 Chen et al. (2007) August 2004 No data 2.30 Li et al. (2011) August 2005 45a 1.56 Li et al. (2011) August 2006 19 600 0.98 Zhou et al. (2010) August 2007 7 600a 0.90 Li (2015) August 2008 3 000a 1.40 Liu et al. (2012) August 2009 2 800a 1.79 Liu et al. (2012) August 2010 1 968 1.20 Liu et al. (2021) August 2011 no data 2.10 Zhu et al. (2017) August 2012 4 162 1.54 Luo et al. (2018) August 2013 11 150 0.73 Zhu et al. (2017) August 2014 1 000a 0.85 Zhou et al. (2020) August 2015 No data 1.92b Chi et al. (2017) August 2016 22 800 0.08 Chen et al. (2020) August 2017 10 071 0.33 Chen et al. (2020) August 2020 13 000 0.42 this study Note: a. The hypoxia areas are digitized from the listed references; b. the dissolved oxygen minimum appears in the subsurface layer. Table 2. Hypoxia and low DO status observed off the Changjiang Estuary during July-September 2020.
Cruise Period 14−22
July17-22
August28-30
August19-25
SeptemberLow DO area/km2
(DO<3 mg/L)21 000 25 000 18 000 9 700 Hypoxia area/km2
(DO<2 mg/L)700 8 800 13 000 1 800 DO minimum/mg∙L−1 1.60 1.05 0.42 1.26 Table 3. Indices for coastal hypoxia and the associated hydrographic factors for 2020, climatology mean, severe hypoxia years, and normal hypoxia years.
Factors 2020 Climatology (1998-2020) Severe hypoxia yearsb) Normal hypoxia yearsc) Hypoxia Area/(103 km2) 13 000 5 900 15 200 1 680 Minimum oxygen/(mg∙L-1) 0.42 1.27 0.59 1.58 River discharge Transport in July/(m3∙s−1) 71 500 50 000 57 400 47 300 SSTa) August mean SST/℃ 27.0 26.7 27.3 26.5 August maximum SST/℃ 28.9 28.1 28.7 27.8 Note: a. The statistical rectangle area is shown in Fig. 1b; b. severe hypoxia years: 1999, 2006, 2013, 2016, 2017, and 2020; c.normal hypoxia years: 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, and 2015. -
Beardsley R C, Limeburner R, Yu H, et al. 1985. Discharge of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) into the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 4(1-2): 57–76, doi: 10.1016/0278-4343(85)90022-6 Bendtsen J, Hansen J L S. 2013. Effects of global warming on hypoxia in the Baltic Sea-North Sea transition zone. Ecological Modelling, 264: 17–26, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.06.018 Bi Baogui, Zhang Xiaoling, Dai Kan. 2017. Characteristics of 2016 severe convective weather and extreme rainfalls under the background of super El Niño. Chinese Science Bulletin (in Chinese), 62(9): 928–937, doi: 10.1360/N972016-01136 Boesch D F. 2008. Global Warming and Coastal Dead Zones. National Wetlands Newsletter Breitburg D, Levin L A, Oschlies A, et al. 2018. Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters. Science, 359(6371): eaam7240, doi: 10.1126/science.aam7240 Cai Rongshuo, Tan Hongjian, Kontoyiannis H. 2017. Robust surface warming in offshore China seas and its relationship to the East Asian monsoon wind field and ocean forcing on interdecadal time scales. Journal of Climate, 30(22): 8987–9005, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0016.1 Chen Chung-Chi, Gong Gwo-Ching, Shiah Fuh-Kwo. 2007. Hypoxia in the East China Sea: one of the largest coastal low-oxygen areas in the world. Marine Environmental Research, 64(4): 399–408, doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2007.01.007 Chen Jianfang, Li Dawang, Jin Haiyan, et al. 2020. Changing nutrients, oxygen and phytoplankton in the East China Sea. In: Chen C T A, Guo X Y, eds. Changing Asia-Pacific Marginal Seas. Singapore: Springer, 155–178, doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-4886-4_10 Chi Lianbao, Song Xiuxian, Yuan Yongquan, et al. 2017. Distribution and key influential factors of dissolved oxygen off the Changjiang River Estuary (CRE) and its adjacent waters in China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 125(1-2): 440–450, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.063 Chi Lianbao, Song Xiuxian, Yuan Yongquan, et al. 2020. Main factors dominating the development, formation and dissipation of hypoxia off the Changjiang Estuary (CE) and its adjacent waters, China. Environmental Pollution, 265: 115066, doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115066 Cong Shuai, Wu Xiao, Ge Jianzhong, et al. 2021. Impact of Typhoon Chan-hom on sediment dynamics and morphological changes on the East China Sea inner shelf. Marine Geology, 440: 106578, doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106578 Diaz R J. 2001. Overview of hypoxia around the world. Journal of Environmental Quality, 30(2): 275–281, doi: 10.2134/jeq2001.302275x Diaz R J, Rosenberg R. 2008. Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science, 321(5891): 926–929, doi: 10.1126/science.1156401 Diaz R J, Rosenberg R, Sturdivant K. 2019. Hypoxia in estuaries and semi-enclosed seas. In: Laffoley D, Baxter J M, eds. Ocean Deoxygenation–Everyone’s Problem: Causes, Impacts, Consequences and Solution. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 85–102 Ding Yihui, Liu Yunyun, Hu Zengzhen. 2021. The record-breaking Meiyu in 2020 and associated atmospheric circulation and tropical SST anomalies. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 38(12): 1980–1993, doi: 10.1007/s00376-021-0361-2 Entekhabi D, Njoku E G, O’Neill P E, et al. 2010. The soil moisture active passive (SMAP) mission. Proceedings of the IEEE, 98(5): 704–716, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2010.2043918 Fennel K, Testa J M. 2019. Biogeochemical controls on coastal hypoxia. Annual Review of Marine Science, 11: 105–130, doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095138 Ge Jianzhong, Zhang Jingsi, Chen Changsheng, et al. 2021. Impacts of fluvial flood on physical and biogeochemical environments in estuary–shelf continuum in the East China Sea. Journal of Hydrology, 598: 126441, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126441 Gong Gwo-Ching, Liu Kon-Kee, Chiang Kuo-Ping, et al. 2011. Yangtze River floods enhance coastal ocean phytoplankton biomass and potential fish production. Geophysical Research Letters, 38(13): L13603, doi: 10.1029/2011GL047519 Hagy J D, Boynton W R, Keefe C W, et al. 2004. Hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay, 1950–2001: long-term change in relation to nutrient loading and river flow. Estuaries, 27(4): 634–658, doi: 10.1007/BF02907650 Huang Boyin, Liu Chunying, Banzon V, et al. 2021. Improvements of the daily optimum interpolation sea surface temperature (DOISST) version 2.1. Journal of Climate, 34(8): 2923–2939, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0166.1 Justić D, Rabalais N N, Turner R E. 2005. Coupling between climate variability and coastal eutrophication: evidence and outlook for the northern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Sea Research, 54(1): 25–35, doi: 10.1016/j.seares.2005.02.008 Li Yali. 2015. Seasonal hypoxia and its affecting factors in the Yangtze River Estuary (in Chinese)[dissertation]. Qingdao: Ocean University of China Li Weiqi, Ge Jianzhong, Ding Pingxing, et al. 2021. Effects of dual fronts on the spatial pattern of chlorophyll-a concentrations in and off the Changjiang River Estuary. Estuaries and Coasts, 44(5): 1408–1418, doi: 10.1007/s12237-020-00893-z Li Wenjian, Wang Zhenyan, Lee G, et al. 2024. Ecological and sediment dynamics response to typhoons passing from the east and west sides of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary and its adjacent sea area. Marine Geology, 467: 107188, doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2023.107188 Li Xiangan, Yu Zhiming, Song Xiuxian, et al. 2011. The seasonal characteristics of dissolved oxygen distribution and hypoxia in the Changjiang estuary. Journal of Coastal Research, 27(6A): 52–62 Li Daoji, Zhang Jing, Huang Daji, et al. 2002. Oxygen depletion off the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 45(12): 1137–1146, doi: 10.1360/02yd9110 Liu Haixia, Wang Yuefeng, An Baichao, et al. 2021. Study on the variation trend and influencing factors of summer hypoxia off the Yangtze River Estuary. Marine Environmental Science (in Chinese), 40(3): 341–351 Liu Zhiguo, Xu Ren, Liu Caicai, et al. 2012. Characters of hypoxia area off the Yangtze River Estuary and its influence. Marine Science Bulletin (in Chinese), 31(5): 588–593 Liu Boqi, Yan Yuhan, Zhu Congwen, et al. 2020. Record-breaking Meiyu rainfall around the Yangtze River in 2020 regulated by the subseasonal phase transition of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(22): e2020GL090342, doi: 10.1029/2020GL090342 Lu Wenhai, Xiang Xianquan, Yang Lu, et al. 2017. The temporal-spatial distribution and changes of dissolved oxygen in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters for the last 50 a. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 36(5): 90–98, doi: 10.1007/s13131-017-1063-6 Luo Xiaofan, Wei Hao, Fan Renfu, et al. 2018. On influencing factors of hypoxia in waters adjacent to the Changjiang estuary. Continental Shelf Research, 152: 1–13, doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2017.10.004 Ma Xiao, Liu Anqi, Zhao Qiang, et al. 2022. Temporal variation of summer hypoxia off Changjiang Estuary during 1997–2014 and its association with ENSO. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9: 897063, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.897063 Mears C, Lee T, Ricciardulli L, et al. 2022. Improving the accuracy of the cross-calibrated multi-platform (CCMP) ocean vector winds. Remote Sensing, 14(17): 4230, doi: 10.3390/rs14174230 Meier H E M, Andersson H C, Eilola K, et al. 2011. Hypoxia in future climates: A model ensemble study for the Baltic Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 38(24): L24608 Meng Qicheng, Zhou Feng, Ma Xiao, et al. 2022. Response process of coastal hypoxia to a passing Typhoon in the East China Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9: 892797, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.892797 Ni Xiaobo, Huang Daji, Zeng Dingyong, et al. 2016. The impact of wind mixing on the variation of bottom dissolved oxygen off the Changjiang Estuary during summer. Journal of Marine Systems, 154: 122–130, doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.11.010 Ning X, Lin C, Su J, et al. 2011. Long-term changes of dissolved oxygen, hypoxia, and the responses of the ecosystems in the East China Sea from 1975 to 1995. Journal of Oceanography, 67(1): 59–75, doi: 10.1007/s10872-011-0006-7 Park T, Jang C J, Jungclaus J H, et al. 2011. Effects of the Changjiang River discharge on sea surface warming in the Yellow and East China Seas in summer. Continental Shelf Research, 31(1): 15–22, doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2010.10.012 Pun I F, Hsu H H, Moon I J, et al. 2023. Marine heatwave as a supercharger for the strongest typhoon in the East China Sea. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 6(1): 128, doi: 10.1038/s41612-023-00449-5 Rabalais N N, Díaz R J, Levin L A, et al. 2010. Dynamics and distribution of natural and human-caused hypoxia. Biogeosciences, 7(2): 585–619, doi: 10.5194/bg-7-585-2010 Song Shuzhen, Bellerby R, Liu Jing, et al. 2023. Impacts of an extreme Changjiang flood on variations in carbon cycle components in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent East China sea. Continental Shelf Research, 269: 105137, doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2023.105137 Sun X. 2006. Regional Marine in China Seas (in Chinese). Beijing: China Ocean Press, 1–376 Sun Qianwen, Li Dewang, Wang Bin, et al. 2023. Massive nutrients offshore transport off the Changjiang Estuary in flooding summer of 2020. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10: 1076336, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1076336 Tang Shaolei, Luo Jingjia, He Jiaying, et al. 2021. Toward understanding the extreme floods over Yangtze River Valley in June–July 2020: Role of tropical oceans. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 38(12): 2023–2039, doi: 10.1007/s00376-021-1036-8 Tian Di, Zhou Feng, Zhang Wenyan, et al. 2022. Effects of dissolved oxygen and nutrients from the Kuroshio on hypoxia off the Changjiang River estuary. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 40(12): 515–529, doi: 10.1007/s00343-021-0440-3 Vaquer-Sunyer R, Duarte C M. 2008. Thresholds of hypoxia for marine biodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(40): 15452–15457, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0803833105 Wang Baodong. 2009. Hydromorphological mechanisms leading to hypoxia off the Changjiang estuary. Marine Environmental Research, 67(1): 53–58, doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.11.001 Wang Kui, Chen Jianfang, Ni Xiaobo, et al. 2017. Real-time monitoring of nutrients in the Changjiang Estuary reveals short-term nutrient-algal bloom dynamics. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122(7): 5390–5403, doi: 10.1002/2016JC012450 Wang Fan, Li Xuegang, Tang Xiaohui, et al. 2023. The seas around China in a warming climate. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 4(8): 535–551, doi: 10.1038/s43017-023-00453-6 Wang Baodong, Wang Xiulin. 2007. Chemical hydrography of coastal upwelling in the East China Sea. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 25(1): 16–26, doi: 10.1007/s00343-007-0016-x Wang Baodong, Wei Qinsheng, Chen Jianfang, et al. 2012. Annual cycle of hypoxia off the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary. Marine Environmental Research, 77: 1–5, doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.12.007 Wang Chunzai, Yao Yulong, Wang Haili, et al. 2021. The 2020 summer floods and 2020/21 winter extreme cold surges in China and the 2020 typhoon season in the western North Pacific. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 38(6): 896–904, doi: 10.1007/s00376-021-1094-y Wei Ke, Ouyang Chaojun, Duan Hongtao, et al. 2020. Reflections on the Catastrophic 2020 Yangtze River Basin Flooding in Southern China. The Innovation, 1(2): 100038, doi: 10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100038 Wei Qinsheng, Wang Baodong, Chen Jianfang, et al. 2015. Recognition on the forming-vanishing process and underlying mechanisms of the hypoxia off the Yangtze River estuary. Science China Earth Sciences, 58(4): 628–648, doi: 10.1007/s11430-014-5007-0 Wei Qinsheng, Wang Baodong, Yu Zhigang, et al. 2017. Mechanisms leading to the frequent occurrences of hypoxia and a preliminary analysis of the associated acidification off the Changjiang estuary in summer. Science China Earth Sciences, 60(2): 360–381, doi: 10.1007/s11430-015-5542-8 Wei Qinsheng, Wang Baodong, Zhang Xuelei, et al. 2021. Contribution of the offshore detached Changjiang (Yangtze River) diluted water to the formation of hypoxia in summer. Science of the Total Environment, 764: 142838, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142838 Wei Qinsheng, Yuan Yongquan, Song Shuqun, et al. 2022. Spatial variability of hypoxia and coupled physical-biogeochemical controls off the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary in summer. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9: 987368, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.987368 Wishner K F, Seibel B A, Roman C, et al. 2018. Ocean deoxygenation and zooplankton: Very small oxygen differences matter. Science Advances, 4(12): eaau5180, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau5180 Wu Qiong, Wang Xiaochun, Liang Wenhao, et al. 2020. Validation and application of soil moisture active passive sea surface salinity observation over the Changjiang River Estuary. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 39(4): 1–8, doi: 10.1007/s13131-020-1542-z Wu Hui, Zhu Jianrong, Shen Jian, et al. 2011. Tidal modulation on the Changjiang River plume in summer. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 116(C8): C08017, doi: 10.1029/2011JC007209 Xuan Jiliang, Huang Daji, Zhou Feng, et al. 2012. The role of wind on the detachment of low salinity water in the Changjiang Estuary in summer. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 117(C10): C10004 Yan Yunwei, Chai Fei, Xue Huijie, et al. 2020. Record-Breaking Sea Surface Temperatures in the Yellow and East China Seas. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125(8): e2019JC015883, doi: 10.1029/2019JC015883 Yang Long, Yang Yixin, Villarini G, et al. 2021. Climate more important for Chinese flood changes than reservoirs and land use. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(11): e2021GL093061, doi: 10.1029/2021GL093061 Yang Dezhou, Yin Baoshu, Liu Zhiliang, et al. 2012. Numerical study on the pattern and origins of Kuroshio branches in the bottom water of southern East China Sea in summer. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 117(C2): C02014, doi: 10.1029/2011jc007528 Yang Dezhou, Yin Baoshu, Sun Junchuan, et al. 2013. Numerical study on the origins and the forcing mechanism of the phosphate in upwelling areas off the coast of Zhejiang province, China in summer. Journal of Marine Systems, 123–124: 1–18,doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.04.002 Zhang Wenxia, Dunne J P, Wu Hui, et al. 2022. Regional projection of climate warming effects on coastal seas in East China. Environmental Research Letters, 17(7): 074006, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac7344 Zhang Haiyan, Fennel K, Laurent A, et al. 2020. A numerical model study of the main factors contributing to hypoxia and its interannual and short-term variability in the East China Sea. Biogeosciences, 17(22): 5745–5761, doi: 10.5194/bg-17-5745-2020 Zhang Wenxia, Wu Hui, Zhu Zhuoyi. 2018. Transient hypoxia extent off Changjiang River estuary due to mobile Changjiang River plume. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123(12): 9196–9211, doi: 10.1029/2018JC014596 Zheng Chongwei, Zhuang Hui, Li Xin, et al. 2012. Wind energy and wave energy resources assessment in the East China Sea and South China Sea. Science China Technological Sciences, 55(1): 163–173, doi: 10.1007/s11431-011-4646-z Zhou Feng, Chai Fei, Huang Daji, et al. 2017. Investigation of hypoxia off the Changjiang Estuary using a coupled model of ROMS-CoSiNE. Progress in Oceanography, 159: 237–254, doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2017.10.008 Zhou Feng, Chai Fei, Huang Daji, et al. 2020. Coupling and decoupling of high biomass phytoplankton production and hypoxia in a highly dynamic coastal system: The Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7: 259, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00259 Zhou Feng, Huang Daji, Ni Xiaobo, et al. 2010. Hydrographic analysis on the multi-time scale variability of hypoxia adjacent to the Changjiang river estuary. Acta Ecologica Sinica (in Chinese), 30(17): 4728–4740 Zhou Zhenqiang, Xie Shangping, Zhang Renhe. 2021. Historic Yangtze flooding of 2020 tied to extreme Indian Ocean conditions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(12): e2022255118 Zhu Jianrong, Ding Pingxing, Hu Dunxin. 2003. Observation of the diluted water and plume front off the Changjiang river estuary during August 2000. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica (in Chinese), 34(3): 249–255 Zhu Zhuoyi, Wu Hui, Liu Sumei, et al. 2017. Hypoxia off the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary and in the adjacent East China Sea: Quantitative approaches to estimating the tidal impact and nutrient regeneration. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 125(1-2): 103–114, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.029 Zhu Zhuoyi, Zhang Jing, Wu Ying, et al. 2011. Hypoxia off the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary: Oxygen depletion and organic matter decomposition. Marine Chemistry, 125(1-4): 108–116, doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2011.03.005 Zhu Jianrong, Zhu Zhuoyi, Lin Jun, et al. 2016. Distribution of hypoxia and pycnocline off the Changjiang Estuary, China. Journal of Marine Systems, 154: 28–40, doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.05.002 -
![WeChat](/fileHYXBYWB/journal/article/hyxb/newcreate/wechat_cn_a1737964-13a3-4b16-ac17-1235882f6276.jpg)
计量
- 文章访问数: 108
- HTML全文浏览量: 50
- 被引次数: 0