Astronomical influence of the development of Paleogene thin coal seam groups in offshore Lacustrine basins: A case study of the Zhu Ⅰ Depression’s Enping Formation located in the northern South China Sea
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Abstract: The development of the Paleogene coal seams in China’s offshore basin areas generally had the characteristics of coal measures with large thicknesses, large numbers of coal seams, thin single coal seams, poor stability, scattered vertical distribution, and a wide distribution range. This study selected the Enping Formation of the Zhu Ⅰ Depression in the northern section of the South China Sea as an example to determine the macro-control factors of the development of the Paleogene coal seam groups. An analysis was carried out on the influencing effects and patterns of the astronomical cycles related to the development of the thin coal seam groups in the region. A floating astronomical time scale of the Enping Formation was established, and the sedimentary time limit of the Enping Formation was determined to be approximately 6.15 Ma±. In addition, the cyclostratigraphy analysis results of the natural gamma-ray data of Well XJ in the Enping Formation of the Xijiang Sag revealed that the development of the thin coal seams had probably been affected by short eccentricity and precession factors. The formation process of coal seams was determined to have been affected by high seasonal contrast, precipitation, and insolation. During the periods with high values of short eccentricity, the seasonal contrasts tended to be high. During those periods, fluctuations in the precession controls resulted in periodic volume changes in precipitation and insolation of the region, resulting in the development of thin coal seams. It was also found that the periods with low precession were the most conducive to coal seam development. On that basis, combined with such factors as sedimentary environmental conditions conducive to the development of thin coal seam groups, this study established a theoretical model of the comprehensive influences of short eccentricity and precession on the development and distribution of Paleogene thin coal seam groups in offshore lacustrine basins. The patterns of the Paleogene astronomical periods and paleoclimate evolution, along with the control factors which impacted the development of thin coal seam groups in offshore lacustrine basins, were revealed.
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Figure 1. Geographical location, tectonic units and comprehensive column of the study area. a. The tectonic units of PRMB and Zhu Ⅰ Depression are located in PRMB, showing the location of wells (refer to Wang et al., 2017, modified). b. Comprehensive histogram of PRMB tectonic evolution (Jiang et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2020a; Wei et al., 2020).
Figure 3. Characteristics of coal-forming environments of Enping Formation in Zhu Ⅰ Depression. a. Upper plain of braided river delta of Enping Formation in Well HZ8. b. Lower plain of braided river delta of Enping Formation in Well HZ9. c. Shore-shallow lake of Enping Formation in Well XJ33.
Figure 4. Sedimentary facies distribution characteristics of Enping Formation in Xijiang Sag, Zhu Ⅰ Depression. a. Sedimentary facies distribution of the lower part of Enping Formation (Part B). b. Sedimentary facies distribution of the upper part of Enping Formation (Part A) (see Fig.1).
Figure 5. The lithology, GR curve, evolutionary spectral analysis results, sedimentation rate curves and stratigraphic segmentation of Enping Formation in Well XJ. a. Sequence division and segmentation. b. Lithology and GR curve. c. Evolutionary spectral analysis results with a 100-m sliding window. d. Sedimentation rate curves obtained by eCOCO analysis and eTimeOpt analysis.
Figure 6. Orbital signal recognition in Part A of Enping Formation. a. GR curve after detrending. b. Wavelet analysis. c. Multi-taper method power spectrum analysis. d. Evolutionary spectral analysis results with a 90-m sliding window.
Figure 7. Optimal sedimentation rates in Part A and B of Enping Formation by COCO analysis. a. The correlation coefficient in Part A is higher at 15.2 cm/ka. b. Part A null hypothesis confidence, less than 0.001 at 15.2cm/ka. c. The number of astronomical parameters contributed by Part A in the test of sedimentation rate is 7 at 15.2 cm/ka. d. The correlation coefficient of Part B is higher value at 7.9 cm/ka. e. Part B null hypothesis confidence, less than 0.01 at 7.9 cm/ka. f. The number of astronomical parameters contributed by Part B in the test of sedimentation rate is 7 at 7.9 cm/ka.
Figure 8. TimeOpt analysis in Part A of Enping Formation. a. Combined envelope and spectral power fit (
${\mathrm{r}}^{2}_{{\mathrm{opt}}} $ ) at each evaluated sedimentation rate and the summary of 2 000 Monte Carlo simulations, p-value = 0.019 5. b. The squared Pearson correlation coefficient (${\mathrm{r}}^{2}_{{\mathrm{envelope}}} $ ; red) and spectral power fitting correlation coefficient (${\mathrm{r}}^{2}_{{\mathrm{power}}} $ ; gray). c. Cross plot of the data amplitude envelope and the TimeOpt-reconstructed eccentricity model in panel “d”; dashed red line is the 1:1 line. d. Comparison of data amplitude envelope (red) and TimeOpt reconstructed eccentricity model (black). e. Comparison of band-pass precession signal (blue) with data amplitude envelope (red). f. Periodogram of the data. The red dotted line indicates the target period of eccentricity and precession.
Figure 9. Orbital signal recognition in Part B of Enping Formation. a. GR curve after detrending. b. Wavelet analysis. c. Multi-taper method power spectrum analysis. d. Evolutionary spectral analysis results with a 60-m sliding window.
Figure 10. TimeOpt analysis in Part B of Enping Formation. a. Combined envelope and spectral power fit (r2opt) at each evaluated sedimentation rate and the summary of 2 000 Monte Carlo simulations, p-value = 0.001. b. The squared Pearson correlation coefficient (r2envelope; red) and spectral power fitting correlation coefficient (r2power; gray). c. Cross plot of the data amplitude envelope and the TimeOpt-reconstructed eccentricity model in panel “d”; dashed red line is the 1:1 line. d. Comparison of data amplitude envelope (red) and TimeOpt reconstructed eccentricity model (black). e. Comparison of band-pass precession signal (blue) with data amplitude envelope (red). f. Periodogram of the data. The red dotted line indicates the target period of eccentricity and precession.
Figure 11. The filtering results of long eccentricity (blue) and short eccentricity (red) in Part A and Part B of Enping Formation. a. Filtering results, detrended GR data in the depth domain, and the GR time series of the GR depth record converted to the time domain of Part A. b. Filtering results, detrended GR data in the depth domain, and the GR time series of the GR depth record converted to the time domain of Part B.
Figure 12. The relationship between lithology and eccentricity and precession filter curves in Part A of Enping Formation. a. Comparison of GR curve and lithology with long eccentricity (blue), short eccentricity (red), and precession (yellow) filter curves in the depth domain. b. Comparison of continuous multi-layer thin coal seams and filter curves in depth domain in 4060-4 080 m. c. Comparison ofcontinuous multi-layer thin coal and filter curves in depth domain in 4 100−4 120 m.
Figure 13. The relationship between lithology and eccentricity and precession filter curves of Enping Formation Part B. a. Comparison of GR curve and lithology with long eccentricity (blue), short eccentricity (red), and precession (yellow) filter curves in the depth domain. b. Comparison of 4440−4470 m continuous multi-layer thin coal and filter curves in depth domain. c. Comparison of 4540−4560 m continuous multi-layer thin coal and filter curves in depth domain.
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