Pilot study to reconstruct life history of Diaphus thiollierei from the Arabian Sea by otolith microstructure and microchemistry
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Abstract: The lanternfishes are mesopelagic fish that are highly productive as common bycatch of deep-sea shrimp trawlers, but they are often neglected or discarded. Despite being one of the dominant lanternfish species in the Arabian Sea, little is known about the life history of Diaphus thiollierei and its role in marine ecosystems. In this study, 103 D. thiollierei were collected in the Arabian Sea during October-November 2020 to study population growth based on sagittal otolith daily ages; and 10 fish collected during April-May 2021 were subjected to otolith microchemistry analysis to reconstruct the vertical migration in their life history using LA-ICP-MS technique. The standard length–dry weight (SL-DW) relationships for D. thiollierei revealed both negative allometric growth and a significant difference between the sexes. Using daily growth annuli counts on the sagittal section of otoliths, the von Bertalanffy growth equation for D. thiollierei was determined. The pattern of four elemental ratios (Sr to Ca, Mg to Ca, Li to Ca, and Ba to Ca) in sagittal otolith suggested that, in general, D. thiollierei descended continually after hatching until the post-larval (PL) stage when they reached a depth of approximately 200 m. Subsequently, from the PL stage to the post-metamorphosis II (PM II) stage, D. thiollierei likely further sank from 200 m to a depth of approximately 300 m, and then in the daytime they were at a depth of approximately 300-800 m to take refuge from predators. This pilot study explored to unravel the vertical migration during life history in D. thiollierei from sagittal otoliths, whereas further investigation on otolith is needed to better delineate the population ecology in detail, and thus to provide basic information for the exploitation of the lanternfish resource and the understanding of their ecological roles.
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Key words:
- lanternfish /
- Diaphus thiollierei /
- sagittal otolith /
- vertical migration /
- population growth /
- microchemistry
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Figure 2. Light micrographs of sagittal otolith from a female Diaphus thiollierei with 55.4 mm SL and 139 d age. a. Longitudinal section in which dark and light bands suggesting daily increments; b. the same otolith showing schematic diagram of laser ablation for chemistry analyses and six life history stages: primordium (nucleus, N), larval (L), postlarval (PL), postmetamorphic I (PM I), postmetamorphic II (PM II), and postmetamorphic III (PM III) stages. The red circles represent spot raster for LA-ICP-MS.
Figure 3. Frequency distributions of daily age (a) and hatch date (b) of Diaphus thiollierei caught in the Arabian Sea from October to November 2020.
Figure 4. The von Bertalanffy growth function fitted to the relationship between daily age and standard body length. Blue for male and red for female.
Figure 5. The ratios of each otolith element to Ca concentration along the line transects from the core (0 μm) to the edge of the sagittal plane of D. thiollierei. The gray dots indicate the ratio point value of each otolith element to Ca, while the solid black line and blue block indicate the median and average values of all specimens, respectively. The vertical dashed lines separate the six life history stages. N, nucleus (primordium); L, larval; PL, postlarval; PM I, postmetamorphic I; PM II, postmetamorphic II; and PM III, postmetamorphic III stages.
Table 1. Annulus width, number of LA-ICP-MS points, and estimated ages in day for six life stages
Life stage Annulus width/μm Number of LA-ICP-MS points Estimated daily age/d Primordium = Nucleus (N) about 50 1 Larval (L) about 150 3 about 25-30 (including N and L) Postlarval (PL) about 200 4 about 30-40 Postmetamorphic I (PM I) about 300 6 about 40-70 Postmetamorphic II (PM II) about 250/200 5/4 about 70-100 Postmetamorphic III (PM III) >250 >5 about 100 to >130 
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Table 2. Median ratios of element to calcium in sagittal otolith of D. thiollierei during six life stages
Life stage Li to Ca Mg to Ca Sr to Ca Ba to Ca N 0.00947 a0.339 ab 2.73 a 0.00137 abL 0.00898 a0.276 a 2.50 a 0.00114 aPL 0.00718 a0.265 a 1.95 b 0.00103 aPM I 0.00565 b0.150 b 1.81 b 0.00130 abPM II 0.00410 bc0.111 c 1.86 b 0.00183 bPM III 0.00365 c0.081 c 1.82 b 0.00167 bNote: The different letters indicate significant differences (p<0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test with all pairwise comparisons).
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Table 3. Spearman’s Correlation coefficients between ratios of element to calcium
Mg to Ca Sr to Ca Ba to Ca Li to Ca 0.855** 0.533** -0.625** Mg to Ca 0.535** -0.523** Sr to Ca -0.223 Note: ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
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