Assessment of nitrous oxide emission from mariculture of marine fish and crustaceans in China, 2003–2022
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Abstract: Aquaculture, as the fastest-growing food production sector in the world, is becoming an increasingly nonnegligible source of greenhouse gas emissions. Despite this, there has been limited research on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from marine aquaculture in China, where more marine aquaculture occurs than anywhere else, globally. We estimated N2O emissions (E) from marine mariculture of 10 fish and 6 crustacean species in China from 2003 to 2022 using production data from China’s fishing industry statistical yearbooks (2004–2023), and data for feed conversion rates and types from the literature. From 2003, marine aquaculture production, the annual N2O emissions (EA), and the annual N2O emissions per unit of aquaculture area (EIA) trend upward. The EA of fish culture was lower than that of crustaceans, but the EIA of fish culture was generally higher. Sea bass (0.308 Tg·N·yr−1) and white shrimp (0.945 Tg·N·yr−1) had the highest average EA among fish and crustacean cultures, respectively. The highest average EA from fish and crustacean were both Guangdong Province (fish: 0.248 Tg, crustacean: 0.547 Tg), and the highest sea area were both the South China Sea (fish: 0.316 Tg, crustacean: 1.082 Tg); The highest average EIA for fish and crustacean were Tianjin (35.40 t/ha) and Guangxi Province (19.83 t/ha), respectively, and the highest sea areas were both the South China Sea (fish: 0.316 Tg, crustacean: 1.082 Tg). These analyses provide baseline data for a greenhouse gas emissions inventory for China, based on an interpretation of them, we provide recommendations for reducing N2O emissions in marine fish and crustacean culture.
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Key words:
- Marine aquaculture /
- Fish /
- Crustacean /
- Nitrous oxide emission
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Figure 1. EA and EIA values for marine fish and crustacean culture in China (2003–2022).
Figure 2. The EA from cultured in China, 2003–2022: a. ten species of marine fish, b. six species of marine crustacean.
Figure 3. EIA values for six species of marine crustacean cultured in China (2003–2022).
Figure 4. EA and ∑EIA values of 16 marine species (10 fish and 6 crustacean) cultured in 11 coastal provinces in China (2003–2022).
Figure 5. EIA values for culture of six marine crustaceans in 11 coastal provinces in China (2003–2022).
Figure 6. EA and ∑EIA values of 16 marine species (10 fish and 6 crustacean) in China (2003–2022): a. the Bohai Sea, b. the East China Sea, c. the Yellow Sea, d. the South China Sea.
Figure 7. EIA values of six cultured marine crustacean species in China (2003–2022): a. the Bohai Sea, b. the East China Sea, c. the Yellow Sea, d. the South China Sea.
Table 1. Average emission factors of the marine fish and crustacean culture (g N2O / kg of animals) (Zhou et al., 2021)
Fish Crustacean Species Average emission factors Species Average emission factors Sea bass
(Perca fluviatilis)1.41 South American white shrimp
(Penaeus vannamei)1.19 Bothidae (Bothidae) 0.86 Giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) 1.59 Large yellow croaker
(Larimichthys crocea)0.89 Chinese white shrimp
(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)2.34 Black King Fish
(Rachycentron canadum)0.14 Kuruma Prawn
(Marsupenaeus japonicus)1.29 Japanese amberjack
(Seriola quinqueradiata)1.17 Swimming crab
(Portunus trituberculatus)1.25 Snapper (Pagrcrs auratus) 1.27 Mud crab (Scylla) 1.74 Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) 0.84 Pufferfish (Tetraodontidae) 0.79 Grouper (Epinephelus spp.) 0.94 European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) 1.06 
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